Micelle based delivery of carotenoid substrates for enzymatic conversion in aqueous media

Enzymatic reactions towards aldehydes: An overview

“…136,137 CCOs like AtCCD1 from A. thaliana have already attracted interest in biocatalysis for the production of those and other aroma molecules. 123 Reaction velocity of AtCCD1 can be increased up to 3.8-fold using Triton X-100 as a surfactant to increase substrate solubility 138 and formation of over 90% yield ionone and perfect regioselectivity was reported in reactions using crude cell lysate. 139 Furthermore, using lysates with the dioxygenases NOV1 and NOV2, complete conversion of 1 mM of resveratrol and piceatannol were achieved after 20 and 60 min, respectively.…”

Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 1 and Its Application for the Production of C13-Apocarotenoids in Microbial Cell Factories: A Review

“…83,95 However, their mechanisms remain unclear, but they did not involve changing the enzyme's conformation or increasing carotenoids' solubility. 95 Another alternative strategy reported is a liposome-based substrate delivery system, which can also increase specific AtCCD1 activity toward βcarotene using galactolipid monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol as a delivery medium. 96 Actually, the application of CCD1 for C13-apocarotenoid biomanufacturing is still limited to several sources, such as PhCCD1 and OfCCD1, which are emphatically applied in the production of β-ionone and α-ionone, respectively.…”

“…Accelerating carotenoid conversion in vitro would be beneficial to establish a standard assay aimed at obtaining target CCD1 more easily. One simple method is adding water-soluble organic cosolvents such as ethanol, which has been demonstrated to be effective for increasing the specific activity of CCD1 in the micelle system. , However, their mechanisms remain unclear, but they did not involve changing the enzyme’s conformation or increasing carotenoids’ solubility . Another alternative strategy reported is a liposome-based substrate delivery system, which can also increase specific AtCCD1 activity toward β-carotene using galactolipid monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol as a delivery medium …”

Alkene Cleavage Catalysed by Heme and Nonheme Enzymes: Reaction Mechanisms and Biocatalytic Applications

“…Due to improved solvation of the lipophilic substrate in the aqueous micellar medium, β -apo-8′-carotenal was cleaved to give β -ionone with high conversion (>90%) and perfect regioselectivity. In a more recent publication it was shown that the maximum activity for β -apo-8′-carotenal varied dependently on the surfactant employed [ 65 ]. Testing diverse apocarotenoids and carotenoids in combination with different surfactants demonstrated that the most suitable surfactant varied dependently on the lipophilicity of the substrate.…”