Micro- and ultrafiltration film membranes from poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)

Sonnenschein, Mark F.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991031)74:5<1146::aid-app11>3.0.co;2-a

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Porous polymers, with their combination of low density, high surface area, and good insulation properties, have found many applications in the modern world for instance as insulation materials, [ 8 ] in composites [ 9 ] and as membranes. [ 10 ] Only a few examples of porous PEEK membranes and fibers [ 11,12 ] or foam monoliths [ 29 ] prepared by a temperature induced liquid–liquid phase separation or phase inversion process were reported. Most other examples of porous high performance polymer foams were produced by chemical or physical (gas) blowing [ 13,14 ] or particulate leaching.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Polymer Foams by Thermally Induced Phase Separation

Rusakov

Menner

Bismarck

2020

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Porous polymers, with their combination of low density, high surface area, and good insulation properties, have found many applications in the modern world for instance as insulation materials, [8] in composites [9] and as membranes. [10] Only a few examples of porous PEEK membranes and fibers [11,12] or foam monoliths [29] prepared by a temperature induced liquidliquid phase separation or phase inversion process were reported. Most other examples of porous high performance polymer foams were produced by chemical or physical (gas) blowing [13,14] or particulate leaching. [15,16] However, the bulk production of PEEK and PEKK foams, and to a lesser degree PEI foams [17,18] is still a huge challenge. Gas blowing and particulate leaching methods have limitations restricting their suitability for high performance polymers, because of the small processing window for semicrystalline polymers [19] and high temperature and pressure requirements. [16,20,21] Another possible approach to access high performance polymer foams uses polymer particles to stabilize either high internal phase emulsions [22] or foams, [23] which are subsequently dried and sintered. However, a major disadvantage of this method is the massive shrinkage of emulsion template and green body during drying and sintering.The method to produce high performance porous polymers used by us is based on the commonly used thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) technique, which makes use of polymer solubility gradients at various temperatures. [24,25] A polymer is initially dissolved in a solvent at a specific temperature until a homogeneous solution is obtained and then, the temperature is decreased either rapidly or at a specific rate until solid-liquid or liquid-liquid demixing occurs. During demixing a polymer-rich and polymer-poor phase form and thus after removal of the solvent, typically by drying, a porous material is obtained from the polymer rich phase. The solvent can be reused for the next process.Here we present a high temperature TIPS method to produce high porosity, macroporous high-performance polymer foams with controllable pore morphology. PEEK, PEKK, and PEI were used to demonstrate the versatility of this method. 4-Phenylphenol (4PPH) was used as a universal aprotic, high boiling solvent (melting point +166 °C, boiling point +321 °C) for all three polymers. One major advantage of this solvent is that it can easily be recycled and, therefore, the environmental impact can be reduced. Under laboratory conditions we managed to recover and reuse between 80% and 90% of 4PPH. Foam density, surface area, pore morphology and the mechanical properties in compression of the resulting foams will be investigated.Macroporous, low-density polyetheretherketone, polyetherketoneketone, and polyetherimide foams are produced using a high-temperature, thermally induced phase separation method. A high-boiling-point solvent, which is suitable to dissolve at least 20 wt% of these high-performance polymers at temperatures above 250 °C, is identified. The foam morpho...

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Polymer Foams by Thermally Induced Phase Separation

Rusakov

Menner

Bismarck

2020

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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“…It is well known that PEEK polymer is capable of providing numerous unique properties on temperature and solvent resistances. Except for the applications on the field of composites, PEEK can also be applied to the high‐performance of microfiltration membranes 3, 4. Nanoparticle‐filled PEEK composites have been successfully fabricated through the compression‐molding process 5–8.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for the applications on the field of composites, PEEK can also be applied to the high-performance of microfiltration membranes. 3,4 Nanoparticle-filled PEEK composites have been successfully fabricated through the compression-molding process. [5][6][7][8] It was reported that the alumina nanoparticles are scattered individually in the PEEK matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isothermal crystallization behavior of nano‐alumina particles‐filled poly(ether ether ketone) composites

Yen

Chen

et al. 2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The isothermal crystallization behavior of nano‐alumina particle‐filled poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) composites has been investigated using differential scanning calorimeter. The results show that all the neat PEEK and nano‐alumina‐filled PEEK composites exhibit the double‐melting behavior under isothermal crystallization. The peak crystallization times (τp) for all the neat PEEK and PEEK/aluminum oxide (Al2O3) composites increase with increasing crystallization temperature. Moreover, the crystallinity of the PEEK/Al2O3 composite with 7.5 wt % nano‐filler content reached the maximum value of 44.8% at 290°C, higher than that of the neat PEEK polymer. From the lower value in τp and higher value in Xc for the PEEK/Al2O3 composites, the inclusion of the nano‐alumina into the PEEK matrix favored the occurrence of heterogeneous nucleation. The Avrami exponents n of all the neat PEEK and PEEK/Al2O3 composites ranged from 2 to 3, and the n values for PEEK/Al2O3 composites were slightly higher than that of the neat PEEK polymer, indicating that the inclusion of the nano‐filler made the crystallization mechanism more complex. However, the growth rate of crystallization was lowered as the nano‐ filler was introduced, and the decrease in growth rate reduced the grain size of the PEEK spherulites because of the lowering of molecule mobility during isothermal crystallization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

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“…Using asymmetric membranes having surface pore sizes in the range of 1–50 nm, the ultrafiltration process separates extremely small, suspended particles and dissolved macromolecules from fluids 3. Because of its great importance, the study of the ultrafiltration process has become one of the top research areas in recent years 2–12. Numerous investigations have been focused on studies of the effects of operational conditions on the membrane performance, industrial applications, and fouling as well as the modeling of the transport properties of ultrafiltration 3, 4.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous investigations have been focused on studies of the effects of operational conditions on the membrane performance, industrial applications, and fouling as well as the modeling of the transport properties of ultrafiltration 3, 4. Some investigators have studied the preparation, morphology, and performance of inorganic and polymeric membranes 2, 3, 5–12. However, polymeric membranes are the most useful membranes used in various industries, especially in ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and gas separation, because they can have various functional groups and be easily modified chemically 6.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the preparation conditions on ethylene/vinyl acetate membrane morphology with the use of scanning electron microscopy

Sadeghi

Mousavi

Hashemi

et al. 2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this research, the effects of preparation conditions, including the coagulation bath temperature, polymer solution composition, preliminary drying time, and thickness of cast polymeric films, on the morphology of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer membranes were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen gas permeability tests. Flat sheet membranes were prepared through a thermal-wet phase-inversion method. Scanning electron microscopy pictures showed asymmetric structures for some of the membranes. It was also observed that the porosity of the membranes decreased with an increase in the temperature of the coagulation bath and the solvent evaporation period. When the concentration of the polymer solution was increased from 5 to 12 wt %, the nucleation and growth of the solvent-rich phase replaced the nucleation and growth of the polymer-rich phase. With an increase in the thickness of the cast polymeric films, the number of macrovoids increased in the membranes. The nitrogen gas permeability of the developed membranes was in good agreement with the scanning electron microscopy results.

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Micro- and ultrafiltration film membranes from poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

High‐Performance Polymer Foams by Thermally Induced Phase Separation

High‐Performance Polymer Foams by Thermally Induced Phase Separation

Isothermal crystallization behavior of nano‐alumina particles‐filled poly(ether ether ketone) composites

Effects of the preparation conditions on ethylene/vinyl acetate membrane morphology with the use of scanning electron microscopy

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