Micro-chemical and micro-structural investigation of archaeological bronze weapons from the Ayanis fortress (lake Van, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey)

Faraldi, Federica; Çilingiroğlu, Altan; Angelini, Emma Paola Maria Virginia; Riccucci, C.; de, Tilde; Batmaz, Atilla; Mezzi, A.; Caschera, Daniela; Cortese, Barbara

doi:10.1007/s00339-013-7772-6

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Given that corrosion is present in the samples, it is further likely that the iron content is also elevated due to chemical interaction with the burial environment and corrosion processes, including intra‐granular corrosion, which reaches deeper into the metal as previously observed on bronze weapons from the same site (Faraldi et al . ). One sample (GAC) contained 1.33 wt% lead; however, this likely derives from copper ores rather than its intentional addition.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Long‐distance interaction in Urartu?: Provenance and composition of copper alloys from Ayanis, Turkey

2018

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The paper analyses tin bronze weaponry found at the first-half-of-the-seventh-century-BCE Urartian fortress in the Lake Van region of eastern Turkey. Examples of finely manufactured artefacts provide evidence for the consumption of high-quality bronzes in a well-defined elite context. This study tests for the presence or absence of long-distance procurement of the raw materials used to produce status objects. The results of quantitative elemental and lead isotope abundance ratio analyses show that the bronzes were produced with varying copper tin alloys, and the copper was procured from several possible locations, including Anatolia and Cyprus.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Long‐distance interaction in Urartu?: Provenance and composition of copper alloys from Ayanis, Turkey

2018

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“…This species, in contact with the moisture of the atmosphere, is able to induce a continuous process of dissolution of copper, giving rise to the dangerous cyclical phenomenon called by the conservators bronze disease, which is a complex phenomenon based on the reaction of CuCl with oxygen and atmospheric water to form atacamite [2Cu 2 (OH) 3 Cl] and its polymorphs and new cuprous chloride and water. In this way, copper, chlorine, oxygen and water are converted in cuprite (Cu 2 O) and atacamite [2Cu 2 (OH) 3 Cl] in a cyclical and continuous process that can disfigure the archaeological object.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This material is widely employed as wear resistant and chemical barrier for metals in several applications. The present work shows the results of the evaluation tests of the protective properties of DLC coatings deposited on bronzes, whose surface chemical composition, morphology and structural features are similar to those of the archaeological objects . Because of their good appearance and chemical inertia, DLC thin films are suitable candidates for the protection of metals .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The increasing effort to find new solutions for the reliable conservation of metallic artefacts is evolving towards the study of innovative materials and tailored methods able to limit or to stop definitively the dangerous corrosion phenomena that affects the chemical‐physical stability of metals. As a matter of fact, when metallic artefacts are in contact with aggressive agents, they are involved in a gradual degradation process that induces the formation of mineralized compounds, altering the original structure and chemical composition of the object . Hence the need to experiment and to use inert material that does not interact with the artefact and form a thin protective layer on the metallic surface acting as a barrier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innovative diamond‐like carbon coatings for the conservation of bronzes

Faraldi

Angelini

Riccucci

et al. 2014

Surface & Interface Analysis

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aThe research of new reliable materials and tailored conservation strategies to preserve metallic artefacts is the aim of this work. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films, deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), could be considered as innovative, safe and reliable materials for the long-term conservation of metals being PECVD an environmentally friendly process already widely used for the successful protection of metallic artefacts. Our previous researches revealed that DLC thin films deposited by PECVD are suitable candidates for the protection of archaeological artefacts, due to their chemical inertia and transparency. In the present work, the results obtained by evaluation tests of the protective properties of DLC coatings will be discussed, deposited on bronzes whose surface chemical composition, morphology and structural features are similar to those of the archaeological bronzes. An accelerated degradation methodology simulating the worst conditions suffered by the archaeological Cu-based alloys has been purposely developed, and combined XPS and SEM-EDS investigations have been carried out to validate the protective effectiveness of the DLC films. The obtained results reveal the potential use of the DLC films as protective barrier layers able to isolate the surface of metallic artefacts, limiting dangerous corrosion phenomena such as the copper cyclic degradation reaction defined as 'bronze disease'.

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“…There are several factors affecting the sorption of phosphorus from the soil and its solubility and precipitation as well. Regarding the ancient bronzes and early brasses, many case studies of long‐term natural corrosion, as well as accelerated corrosion experiments and electrochemical investigations, have been published in the past, relating alloying elements and environmental corrosive agents with particular corrosion patterns . Recent studies on ancient iron, have proposed new methodologies for the understanding of ancient metals corrosion mechanisms, involving both thermodynamic data based on on‐site monitoring of the environmental conditions and laboratory corrosion tests .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil‐induced corrosion of ancient Roman brass – A case study

Papadopoulou

Vassiliou

Grassini

et al. 2015

Materials & Corrosion

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This work focuses on the study of the solid state processes on naturally corroded ancient brass artefact. The object, recovered from burial in the Tiber riverbed in Italy, has been characterised from a morphological, chemical and microstructural point of view. The artefact probably originates from a Roman brass coin or medal and the alloy substrate was identified as a leaded brass (85% copper, 12.8% zinc and 2.2% lead). A combination of XRF, SEM coupled with EDS spot analyses and elemental mapping, Raman spectroscopy and OM observations were employed in order to describe the corrosion processes that created the heterogeneous, multi-layer corrosion product stratification. The identification of copper sulphide layers and the precipitation of some, rarely reported, basic copper and zinc phosphates are among the most important findings of this work. Two phases of anaerobic and aerobic corrosion emerged from the analyses. The object has undergone dezincification at early stages and decuprification later on. However, the most crucial action was the environmental elements activity, which determined the corrosion rate and the nature of the corrosion product layers. The results are critically discussed and correlated with the environmental conditions of the burial context. The study is supported by an extensive literature review.

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Micro-chemical and micro-structural investigation of archaeological bronze weapons from the Ayanis fortress (lake Van, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey)

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Long‐distance interaction in Urartu?: Provenance and composition of copper alloys from Ayanis, Turkey

Long‐distance interaction in Urartu?: Provenance and composition of copper alloys from Ayanis, Turkey

Innovative diamond‐like carbon coatings for the conservation of bronzes

Soil‐induced corrosion of ancient Roman brass – A case study

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