Micro-computed tomography of early lesions of osteochondrosis in the tarsus of foals

Olstad, Kristin; Cnudde, Veerle; Masschaele, Bert; Thomassen, Ragnar; Dolvik, N. I.

doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.04.024

Cited by 51 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Sample blocks from the cranial distal intermediate ridge of the tibia and distal lateral trochlear ridge of the talus of the aforementioned hereditarily predisposed Standardbred foals were scanned using arterial contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). 77 Growth cartilage is radiolucent, and areas of ischemic chondronecrosis within it (osteochondrosis latens) did not alter attenuation but were nevertheless indirectly detectable as contrast-free foci outlined by contrast-filled arterioles on all peripheral margins in 3-dimensional volume-rendered models from the youngest foals with lesions (1 foal aged 1 week old and 2 foals aged 2 weeks old). 77 It was also possible to confirm that interrupted arterial contrast columns terminated at the ossification front ( Fig.…”

Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…77 Growth cartilage is radiolucent, and areas of ischemic chondronecrosis within it (osteochondrosis latens) did not alter attenuation but were nevertheless indirectly detectable as contrast-free foci outlined by contrast-filled arterioles on all peripheral margins in 3-dimensional volume-rendered models from the youngest foals with lesions (1 foal aged 1 week old and 2 foals aged 2 weeks old). 77 It was also possible to confirm that interrupted arterial contrast columns terminated at the ossification front ( Fig. 7), as previously suspected from examination of histological sections.…”

Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…77 The micro-CT study therefore indicated that spontaneous resolution of radiographically diagnosed osteochondrosis could occur by filling of the defect with bone from separate centers of endochondral ossification that form superficially adjacent to lesions and by phagocytosis of necrotic cartilage and intramembranous ossification of granulation tissue that forms deep to lesions of ischemic chondronecrosis. 77 Ex vivo contrast-enhanced micro-CT and conventional CT of experimental lesions in horses. The equine experimentally induced lesions were examined ex vivo using plain (ie, noncontrast) radiography, arterial contrast-enhanced conventional CT, micro-CT, and histology.…”

Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…77 In the tibia, there were conical indentations or ''dimples,'' and in the talus, there were circular protrusions or ''tubes,'' both of which were associated with patent or chondrifying cartilage canals and disappeared in a gradual and regular manner until the subchondral bone plate was relatively smooth in the 7-week-old foal. 77 Because of their generalized distribution and gradual disappearance, dimples and tubes were clearly distinguishable from the focal, uniformly radiolucent defects that corresponded to lesions of ischemic chondronecrosis within the ossification front (osteochondrosis manifesta) in histological sections. 77 Longitudinal radiographic studies 16,20 had documented that a proportion of osteochondrosis lesions undergo spontaneous resolution, but at the time, it was not known how this occurred.…”

Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…77 Because of their generalized distribution and gradual disappearance, dimples and tubes were clearly distinguishable from the focal, uniformly radiolucent defects that corresponded to lesions of ischemic chondronecrosis within the ossification front (osteochondrosis manifesta) in histological sections. 77 Longitudinal radiographic studies 16,20 had documented that a proportion of osteochondrosis lesions undergo spontaneous resolution, but at the time, it was not known how this occurred. Ischemic chondronecrosis is associated with secondary repair responses in growth cartilage that include proliferation of adjacent viable chondrocytes and cartilage canal vessels (Fig.…”

Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Update on the Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis

2015

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Osteochondrosis is defined as a focal disturbance in endochondral ossification. The cartilage superficial to an osteochondrosis lesion can fracture, giving rise to fragments in joints known as osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD). In pigs and horses, it has been confirmed that the disturbance in ossification is the result of failure of the blood supply to epiphyseal growth cartilage and associated ischemic chondronecrosis. The earliest lesion following vascular failure is an area of ischemic chondronecrosis at an intermediate depth of the growth cartilage (osteochondrosis latens) that is detectable ex vivo, indirectly using contrast-enhanced micro-and conventional computed tomography (CT) or directly using adiabatic T1r magnetic resonance imaging. More chronic lesions of ischemic chondronecrosis within the ossification front (osteochondrosis manifesta) are detectable by the same techniques and have also been followed longitudinally in pigs using plain CT. The results confirm that lesions sometimes undergo spontaneous resolution, and in combination, CT and histology observations indicate that this occurs by filling of radiolucent defects with bone from separate centers of endochondral ossification that form superficial to lesions and by phagocytosis and intramembranous ossification of granulation tissue that forms deep to lesions. Research is currently aimed at discovering the cause of the vascular failure in osteochondrosis, and studies of spontaneous lesions suggest that failure is associated with the process of incorporating blood vessels into the advancing ossification front during growth. Experimental studies also show that bacteremia can lead to vascular occlusion. Future challenges are to differentiate between causes of vascular failure and to discover the nature of the heritable predisposition for osteochondrosis.

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Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

An Update on the Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis

2015

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Ossification defects detected in CT scans represent early osteochondrosis in the distal femur of piglets

Olstad

Kongsro

Grindflek

et al. 2014

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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ABSTRACT:The purpose of the current study was to validate the use of CT for selection against osteochondrosis in pigs by calculating positive predictive value and comparing it to the positive predictive value of macroscopic evaluation, using histological examination as the reference standard. Eighteen male, hereditarily osteochondrosis-predisposed piglets underwent terminal examination at biweekly intervals from the ages of 82-180 days old, including CT scanning, macroscopic, and histological evaluation of the left distal femur. Areas of ischemic chondronecrosis (osteochondrosis) were confirmed in histological sections from 44/56 macroscopically suspected lesions, resulting in a positive predictive value of 79% (95% CI: 67-84%). Suspected lesions, that is; focal, radiolucent defects in the ossification front in CT scans corresponded to areas of ischemic chondronecrosis in 36/36 histologically examined lesions, resulting in a positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI: 90-100%). CT was superior to macroscopic evaluation for diagnosis of early stages of osteochondrosis in the distal femur of piglets. The current histologically validated observations can potentially be extrapolated to diagnostic monitoring of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans in children, or to animal models of human juvenile articular cartilage injury and repair. ß

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Epiphyseal cartilage vascular architecture at the distal humeral osteochondritis dissecans predilection site in juvenile pigs

Tóth,

Nissi,

Armstrong

et al. 2023

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Failure of endochondral ossification due to interruption of the vascular supply to the epiphyseal cartilage is a critical step in the development of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Herein we describe the vascular architecture of the distal humeral epiphyseal cartilage in pigs and identify characteristic features that have been associated with sites predisposed to OCD development across species. Distal humeral specimens were harvested from pigs (n=5, ages= 1‐, 10‐, 18‐, 30‐, and 42 days old) and imaged at 9.4T MRI using a 3D GRE sequence. The MRI data were processed using a quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) pipeline to visualize the vascular architecture. Specimens were also evaluated histologically to identify the presence of ischemic epiphyseal cartilage necrosis (osteochondrosis [OC]‐latens) and associated failure of endochondral ossification (OC‐manifesta). The QSM data enabled visualization of two distinct vascular beds arising from the perichondrium at the lateral and medial aspects of the distal humeral epiphysis. Elongated vessels originating from these beds coursed axially to supply the lateral and medial thirds of epiphyseal cartilage. At 18 days of age and older, a shift from perichondrial to transosseous blood supply was noted axially, which appeared more pronounced on the lateral side. This shift coincided with histologic identification of OC‐latens (30‐ and 42‐day‐old specimens) and OC‐manifesta (18‐ and 42‐day‐old specimens) lesions in the corresponding regions. The vascular anatomy and its evolution at the distal humeral epiphysis closely resembles that previously reported at predilection sites of knee OCD, suggesting a shared pathophysiology between the knee and elbow joints.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Micro-computed tomography of early lesions of osteochondrosis in the tarsus of foals

Cited by 51 publications

References 40 publications

An Update on the Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis

An Update on the Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis

Ossification defects detected in CT scans represent early osteochondrosis in the distal femur of piglets

Epiphyseal cartilage vascular architecture at the distal humeral osteochondritis dissecans predilection site in juvenile pigs

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