Micro-doppler effect analysis of single bird and bird flock for linear FMCW radar

Review of micro‐Doppler signatures

“…One primary source of micro‐Doppler is the main and tail rotor blades in helicopters as well as the propeller blades of aircraft and UAVs. One confuser for air vehicles are birds [34] and flocks of birds [35] which have their own micro‐Doppler signatures discussed later. For missiles, the primary work has been recognising the signature of the missile [36–41] against non‐missile as well as potential trajectory information.…”

“…The flapping styles of different types of birds were observed to have different micro‐Doppler signatures [60]. A 24‐GHz CW radar was used to detect bird and bats [61]. There has also been work classifying UAVs and birds [34, 62], as well as recognising the signature of a duck [63] and flocks of birds against individual birds [35].…”

Exploring the skies: Technological challenges in radar aeroecology

“…In one of the earlier works [40], synthesized bird micro-Doppler signatures are generated and it is proposed that features extracted from the signal be used to identify birds. In other works, micro-Doppler signatures are used to discriminate between birds and unmanned aerial vehicles [41], as well as between single birds and flocks of birds [42]. In [39], micro-Doppler was used to explicitly classify several different sub-classes of animals (bird, goat, dog, deer) as either human, vehicle, or animal.…”