Micro-economic determinants of tourist expenditure: A quantile regression approach

Cruise passengers’ expenditure in the Messina port: a mixture regression approach

“…Th e R 2 value (0.719) shows high explanatory power of our model. Our results confi rm previous evidence on socio-economic characteristics, gender and education level are not found to signifi cantly infl uence holiday expenditure (Marrocu et al 2015, Wang et al 2006, and as for age, we fi nd a small positive eff ect; in particular it possible to show that older visitors spend more than younger ones. Focusing on the occupation status, we fi nd that unemployed and the students spend less than employed tourists.…”

“…Recently, Hung et al (2012) and Marcussen, (2011) have used of Ordinary Lest Squares OLS estimation, in order to consider only the average response of tourist expenditure to changes in its determinants while possible diff erences among consumer segments are overlooked. More recently, quantile regression was adopted in tourism study by Chen and Chang (2012) on the infl uence of travel agents in Taiwan, and by Marrocu et al (2015) on the eff ect of the main determinants of tourist expenditure to non -resident tourists in Sardinia. Abbruzzo et al (2014) have introduced the use of graphical models for assessing the determinants of individual tourist spending in Uruguay, emphasizing with these models have the advantage of synthesizing and visualizing the relationships occurring within large sets of random variables, through an easy interpret output.…”

“…We interviewed cruise passengers and crows members in the cruise terminal port Messina at the end of their tour when they are returning to their cruise from march 1 to October 30 2014. We have chosen to interview tourists and crew members at the end of their tour once all the Messina city expenses had been incurred allows us to obtain a more reliable measure of tourist expenditures and to avoid its estimation (Marrocu et al 2015, Craggs & Schofi eld, 2009.…”

Mainland Chinese and Japanese Tourists in Taiwan: The Travel Mode and Shopping Expenditures

“…As pointed out in the literature, QR's ability to highlight the significance of each independent variable on the dependent variable across the full spectrum of the distribution is especially helpful in exploring the spending behavior of tourists 43]. This salient feature allows policy makers to better allocate marketing resources.…”

“…At the household or family level, economic theory typically depicts consumption level as being determined by socioeconomic and travel-related factors [32] [43]. In this study, we adopted individual per-day shopping expenditures as the dependent variable and two distinct groups as independent variables: 1) socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, education, occupation, personal income, and residence; and 2) travel-related factors.…”