Micro entrepreneurship support programme in Chile

Abstract

The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) is an international grant-making NGO promoting evidence-informed development policies and programmes. We are the global leader in funding and producing high-quality evidence of what works, how, why and at what cost. We believe that better and policy-relevant evidence will make development more effective and improve people's lives. 3ie impact evaluations3ie-supported impact evaluations assess the difference a development intervention has made to social and economic outcomes. 3ie is committed to funding rigorous evaluations that include a theory-based design, use the most appropriate mix of methods to capture outcomes and are useful in complex development contexts. About this report3ie accepted the final version of this report, Micro entrepreneurship support programme in Chile, as partial fulfilment of requirements under grant OW2.200 issued under Open Window 2. The content has been copyedited and formatted for publication by 3ie. Due to unavoidable constraints at the time of publication, a few of the tables or figures may be less than optimal. All of the content is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not represent the opinions of 3ie, its donors or its Board of Commissioners. Any errors and omissions are also the sole responsibility of the authors. All affiliations of the authors listed in the title page are those that were in effect at the time the report was accepted. Any comments or queries should be directed to the corresponding author, Jaime Ruiz-Tagle V. at jaimert@econ.uchile.cl.Funding for this impact evaluation was provided by 3ie's donors, which include UK aid, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Hewlett Foundation and 12 other 3ie members that provide institutional support. A complete listing is provided on the 3ie website at http://www.3ieimpact.org/en/about/3ie-affiliates/3ie-members/ AbstractUsing a randomized controlled trial of a large-scale, publicly run micro entrepreneurship program in Chile, we assess the effectiveness of business training and asset transfers to the poor over a period of 46 months. We find that the program significantly increases employment by 15.3 percentage points in the short run (mostly through self employment) and 6.8 in the long run (mostly through wage work). This is consistent with the hypothesis that skills taught during the training lessons are useful for wage work, which is supported by the finding that quality of the intervention positively affects wage work, especially in the long run.iii

Tailoring benzo[α]phenoxazine moiety for efficient photosensitizers in dye sensitized solar cells via the DFT/TD-DFT method

“…Before commencing any molecular engineering work upon the benzo[ α ]phenoxazine template, the most crucial step was to keep the framework intact such that all the fundamental characteristics of the dye are unchanged. The properties of untailored benzo[ α ]phenoxazine dyes are fine-tuned with the prerequisites of DSSC dyes, such as; (i) long-range absorbance from UV to the visible region, 26 (ii) high molar absorption coefficient, 39 (iii) adequate redox nature with well-positioned energy levels HOMO (−6.19 eV, effectively below the redox potential energy of liquid I − /I 3 − electrolyte that is −4.8 eV) and LUMO (−3.73 eV sufficiently above the conduction band of TiO 2 semiconducting metal oxide), 40,41 (iv) high intermolecular charge transfer capacity through alternate single bond and double bond character, 32 (v) long-range coupling, (vi) excellent thermal, electrochemical, and photostability, 26 (vi) feasibility of internal intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) through the heteroatoms infused in the aromatic ring. 32…”

“…Before commencing any molecular engineering work upon the benzo[a]phenoxazine template, the most crucial step was to keep the framework intact such that all the fundamental characteristics of the dye are unchanged. The properties of untailored benzo[a]phenoxazine dyes are fine-tuned with the prerequisites of DSSC dyes, such as; (i) long-range absorbance from UV to the visible region, 26 (ii) high molar absorption coefficient, 39 (iii) adequate redox nature with well-positioned energy levels HOMO (À6.19 eV, effectively below the redox potential energy of liquid I À /I 3 À electrolyte that is À4.8 eV)…”

“…32 It can even be boosted by tailoring the exemplary anchoring moiety and an appropriate pushing group to the benzo[a]phenoxazine skeleton at the correct positions, whose impact on the electrochemical, structural, and optical properties discussed here has direct control on the solar cell efficacy. The literature survey shows that positions 2, 5, and 9 are the highly reactive sites (active positions) of untailored benzo[a]phenoxazine 26,27,39 skeletons, as highlighted in Fig. 2.…”

The Effect of Aggregate Institutional Quality on Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria: Evidence From Nardl

“…The Chilean Micro Entrepreneurship Support Program boosted self-employment by 15 percentage points in the short run, but it is not clear how much of this can be attributed to the 60-hour business training or the US$600 capital injection. 38 The two main reasons for low effectiveness are a suboptimal design and an incorrect diagnosis. Adult brains learn differently-and that is not always factored into program design.…”

The right to dream: A cross‐sectional look at poverty alleviation programs

“…In this regard, community psychology directs its efforts to mutual respect and recognition, considering both the needs and resources of people and communities (Montero, 2004; Serrano‐García & Vargas, 1993), focusing on local projects and proposing a bottom‐up work strategy (Alfaro, 2012). In addition, it emphasizes the sociocultural context (Llorens, 2006) by integrating scientific knowledge and common sense (Wiesenfeld, 2014), thus recognizing the value of the cultural diversity of communities (Rozas, 2000) and acknowledging that social change lies in considering specificities and singular ways of interpreting reality (Ximenes et al, 2015).…”