“…The term reward refers to "the satisfaction of a biological need, pleasure, or the acquisition of something of value, in whatever manner measurable" (Fuster, 2013, p. 112). Experiments on humans and animals have shown that evaluative cortico-basal ganglia circuits that connect mainly the striatum and the prefrontal cortex are involved in reward processing and reward-or reinforcement-based learning (Alexander et al, 1990;Graybiel et al, 1994;Graybiel, 1995;Jog et al, 1999;Barnes et al, 2005;Fareri & Delgado, 2013;Graybiel & Grafton, 2015;Graybiel, 2016;Haber, 2016). Investigations on human learning have shown that cortico-basal ganglia circuits are activated by both primary reinforcers (i.e., food) and secondary reinforcers (i.e., approval from others) (Haber, 2011;Fareri & Delgado, 2013;Daniel & Pollmann, 2014;Graybiel & Grafton, 2015; see also Skinner, 1953;Self-Determination Theory, Deci & Ryan, 1985;Ryan & Deci, 2000; see also Dörnyei & Csizér, 1998, with respect to L2 teaching/learning).…”