An attempt is made to determine the cause of a new canker and diebaek disease affecting poplar hybrids (Populus spp.) growing in Ontario. Since the disease symptoms appear to be similar to those of a bacterial infection of poplars in Europe caused by Xanthomonas populi Ride, b.icterial species were investigated as possible causal agents of this new dise.ise. Strains of Erwinia herhicola and Erwinia carotovora were associated with branch cankers on affected trees. The hypersensitive reaction on tobacco (Nicotiana tahacum var. Havana) resulting from artificial inoculations of strains of E. carotovora suggests the phytopathogenicity of these strains. Early results from inoculations into rooted poplar cuttings indicated that both strains m.iy be capable of causing discolouration and decay of xy lem tissues but these inoculations did not result in canker formation. Both of these opportunistic org.-inisms may be potential pathogens of poplar under cert.iin conditions.