Micro-organisms in filarial larvae (Nematoda)

McLaren, Diane J.; Worms, M. J.; Laurence, B. R.; Simpson, Michael G.

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(75)90110-8

Cited by 142 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In animals, heartworm disease of dogs and cats is caused by another ¢larial nematode, Diro¢laria immitis. Intracellular bacteria have been observed in various species of ¢larial nematodes, including D. immitis, D. repens, O. volvulus, B. malayi, and B. pahangi (McLaren et al 1975;Vincent et al 1975;Kozek & Marroquin 1977). There is evidence that these bacteria are transmitted transovarially, in that they have been observed in oocytes, developing eggs, and micro¢lariae in D. immitis and O. volvulus (McLaren et al 1975;Kozek & Marroquin 1977;Sironi et al 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Phylogeny of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes

Bandi

Anderson

Genchi

et al. 1998

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

530

459

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Intracellular bacteria have been observed in various species of ¢larial nematodes (family Onchocercidae). The intracellular bacterium of the canine ¢laria Diro¢laria immitis has been shown to be closely related to Wolbachia, a rickettsia-like micro-organism that is widespread among arthropods. However, the relationships between endosymbionts of di¡erent ¢lariae, and between these and the arthropod wolbachiae, appear not to have been studied. To address these issues we have examined ten species of ¢larial nematodes for the presence of Wolbachia. For nine species, all samples examined were PCR positive using primers speci¢c for the ftsZ gene of Wolbachia. For one species, the examined samples were PCR negative. Sequences of the ampli¢ed ftsZ gene fragments of ¢larial wolbachiae fall into two clusters (C and D), which are distinct from the A and B clusters recognized for arthropod wolbachiae. These four lineages (A^D) are related in a star-like phylogeny, with higher nucleotide divergence observed between C and D wolbachiae than that observed between A and B wolbachiae. In addition, within each of the two lineages of ¢larial wolbachiae, the phylogeny of the symbionts is consistent with the host phylogeny. Thus, there is no evidence for recent Wolbachia transmission between arthropods and nematodes. Endosymbiont 16S ribosomal DNA sequences from a subset of ¢larial species support these ¢ndings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Phylogeny of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes

Bandi

Anderson

Genchi

et al. 1998

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

530

459

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“…Early workers hypothesized a pathogenic effect, because some embryos appeared distorted by the number of bacteria they carried (5). This was not proved, however, Intracellular bacteria have been described in several species of filarial nematodes, but their relationships with, and effects on, their nematode hosts have not previously been elucidated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These bacteria appeared to be vertically transmitted by inclusion with the oocyte during development, and infection was highly prevalent in species carrying the bacteria. Few species of filariae (e.g., Acanthocheilonema viteae) did not appear to harbor bacteria (5). Molecular phylogenetic analysis has recently shown that the intracellular bacteria of Dirofilaria immitis, the dog heartworm, are closely related to the cytoplasmic incompatibility endobacteria of arthropods, of the genus Wolbachia (order Rickettsiales) (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the generation and maintenance of resistance in the filariae is likely to be much less common, experts still see it as a necessity to explore new avenues for drug and vaccine design (2). Intracellular bacteria were observed in human-and animal-parasitic filarial nematodes some 20 years ago (5)(6)(7)(8). These bacteria appeared to be vertically transmitted by inclusion with the oocyte during development, and infection was highly prevalent in species carrying the bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tetracycline therapy targets intracellular bacteria in the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis and results in filarial infertility

Hoerauf¹,

Nissen-Pähle²,

Schmetz³

et al. 1999

J. Clin. Invest.

316

266

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“…Wolbachia is a group of endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the order Rickettsiales, had been detected in majority of filarial species studied so far [5]. The discovery of Wolbachia in filarial species has provided a new promising target for the chemotherapy of human filariasis [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Certain Antibiotics Against Filarial Parasite Brugia malayi In Vitro: Possible Role of Oxidative Stress

et al. 2010

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WHO-Tropical Disease Research scheme highlighted the need for development of new anti-filarial drugs. Certain antibiotics have recently been found effective against Wolbachia, co-existing symbiotically with filarial parasites. Inflammatory response entails oxidative mechanism to educe direct anti-microbial effect. In the present study microfilariae were maintained in vitro in medium supplemented with varying concentrations of tetracycline, doxycycline (20-100 lg/ml) or ciprofloxacin (50-250 lg/ml) separately to find out any involvement of oxidative mechanism in the anti-filarial effect of these antibiotics. Loss of motility of the microfilariae was measured after 48 h and correlated with the levels of MDA, nitric oxide and proteincarbonylation. Significant loss of microfilarial motility was recorded with increasing concentration of tetracycline and doxycycline but with ciprofloxacin the effect was not marked. Agents with high antifilarial activity revealed significant association with oxidative parameters in a dose dependent manner. The result suggests that oxidative effect might be exploited to design novel antifilarial drug candidate.

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Micro-organisms in filarial larvae (Nematoda)

Cited by 142 publications

References 11 publications

Phylogeny of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes

Phylogeny of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes

Tetracycline therapy targets intracellular bacteria in the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis and results in filarial infertility

Effect of Certain Antibiotics Against Filarial Parasite Brugia malayi In Vitro: Possible Role of Oxidative Stress

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