Micro Process Technology, 2. Processing

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Reaction Engineering Potential–Transport Intensification 2. Reaction Engineering Potential—Chemical Intensification (Novel Process Windows) 2.1. Chemical Applicability 2.2. Chemical Intensification through Harsh Conditions: Novel Process Windows 2.3. Chemical Intensification through Highly Reactive Intermediates: Flash Chemistry 3. Process‐Design Intensification (Novel Process Windows) 4. Micromixers 4.1. Mixing Principles 4.2. Active and Passive Micromixers 4.3. Diffusion‐Based Micromixers 4.3.1. Y‐ and T‐Type Lamination Mixing 4.3.2. Hydrodynamic and Geometric Focusing for Lamellae Flows 4.3.3. Multilaminating Mixing 4.3.4. Cyclone Mixing 4.4. Split‐and‐Recombine Micromixers 4.4.1. Recycle‐Flow Coanda‐Effect Micromixer 4.4.2. Barrier‐Embedded Micromixer 4.4.3. Caterpillar Micromixer 4.5. Chaotic Advection Micromixers 4.5.1. Herringbone Groove Micromixer 4.5.2. Bended Micromixer 4.6. Turbulent Micromixers—Jet Mixing 4.7. Design and Fabrication of Micromixers 4.7.1. Microfabrication 4.7.2. Modeling 4.7.3. Micromixer Design Development and Related New Microfluidic Principles 4.8. Mixing Characterization 4.8.1. Analytical Techniques 4.8.2. Hydrodynamics and Mixing 4.8.3. Residence Time Distribution 4.9. Applications of Micromixer Technologies 4.9.1. Polymerization 4.9.2. Organic and Bioorganic Reactions 4.9.3. Particle Generation 4.9.4. Droplet Generation, Encapsulation, and Polymer Particle Production 4.9.5. Scale‐out and Fluid Distribution 5. Micro Heat Exchangers 5.1. Heat Exchange Fundamentals 5.2. Classification of Micro Heat Exchangers 5.2.1. Cross‐Flow Heat Exchanger 5.2.2. Counterflow Heat Exchanger 5.2.3. Electrically Powered Heat Exchangers 5.2.4. Microwave Heat Exchanger 5.2.5. Heat‐Pipe Heat Exchanger 5.3. Heat‐Transfer Characterization and Enhancement 5.4. Fouling of Micro Heat Exchangers 5.5. Scale‐out of Micro Heat Exchangers 6. Microevaporators 7. Flow Separation 7.1. State of the Art in Flow Separation 7.2. Micro Extractors 7.3. Micro Distillators/Rectificators 7.4. Micro Chromatography Devices 7.5. Micro Membrane Devices 7.6. Integrated Reaction–Separation Devices

Liquid phase oxidation chemistry in continuous-flow microreactors

“…A complete description is beyond the scope of this review and is discussed in great detail in the following references. [105][106][107] In this review, we provide some general trends and guidelines which can help the reader to understand the underlying principles of heat transfer.…”

Beyond Organometallic Flow Chemistry: The Principles Behind the Use of Continuous-Flow Reactors for Synthesis

“…Other passive micromixers are for example T-and Y-shaped micromixers, split-and-recombine micromixers, packed-bed microchannels, caterpillar micromixers. 20 Such a mixing process is called chaotic advection, in which fluid elements are mixed by a net transport of matter. 21 Chaotic advection is much more efficient then molecular diffusion and can be used to speed up the mixing efficiency.…”

10. From green chemistry principles in flow chemistry towards green flow process design in the holistic viewpoint

“…Products, processes, and systems should be designed to maximize mass, energy, space, and time efficiency. 9. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries: Minimize the use of auxiliary substances wherever possible, make them innocuous when used.…”

“…Transport intensification arises from the following microfluidic characteristics of flow reactors [6,9]. -Unique flow -laminar flow for single flows; defined multiphase flow patterns; -Short diffusion paths for heat and mass transfer; -High surface-to-volume ratios for phase contact area -High share of solid wall material -short path to catalyst Those can be translated into beneficial reaction engineering features of flow processing [6,9].…”

“…Such superior processing leads to the following beneficial process engineering features [6,9]. -Increased selectivity -Increased reactivity & selectivity -Increased enantioselectivity -changed isomer ratios…”