Micro-Raman spectral identification of manganese oxides black pigments in an archaeological context in Northern Chile

Sepúlveda, Marcela; Gutiérrez, Sebastián; Vallette, Marcelo Campos; Standen, Vivien G.; Arriaza, Bernardo; Cárcamo-Vega, José J.

doi:10.1186/s40494-015-0061-2

Cited by 38 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The XRD and ICP‐OES elemental profiles of the Chinchorro samples are consistent with those reported by Sepúlveda, Laval, et al (), Sepúlveda, Valenzuela, et al (), and Sepúlveda et al (, ) and XRD results from the Huaylas samples are also similar to those reported by Hewett & Olivares () and Ossa (). The Chinchorro samples are dominated by cryptomelane and lesser amounts of rhodochrosite, which suggests the manganese was not derived from soil nodules, marine nodules or diagenetic beds.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The compound paste used to make Chinchorro masks and also hold the wig in place have higher concentrations of MnO and lower concentrations of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 than the Lauca/Upper Huaylas samples. Although the exact methodology used by the Chinchorro has yet to be established, based on how manganese pigments were created in other historical cultures, it is likely the material was finely ground, separated and mixed with a binder so it would adhere to the masks and bodies (Barham, ; Chalmin et al, ; d’Errico, Salomon, Vignaud, & Stringer, ; Sepúlveda, Laval, et al, ; Sepúlveda, Valenzuela, et al, ; Sepúlveda et al, , ; Vandiver, ). This process of high‐grading the manganese fraction of the rock could explain the ICP‐OES variations observed between these two sample populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B. T. (2013), Sepúlveda, Valenzuela, et al (2013), and Sepúlveda et al (2014Sepúlveda et al ( , 2015 and XRD results from the Huaylas samples are also similar to those reported by Hewett & Olivares (1962) and Ossa T A B L E 2 Summary of samples collected from the Huaylas Formation (HF) exposed at various field sites in the Altiplano (coordinates are reported in UTM NAD83) is likely the material was finely ground, separated and mixed with a binder so it would adhere to the masks and bodies (Barham, 2002;Chalmin et al, 2003;d'Errico, Salomon, Vignaud, & Stringer, 2010;Sepúlveda, Laval, et al, 2013;Sepúlveda, Valenzuela, et al, 2013;Sepúlveda et al, 2014Sepúlveda et al, , 2015Vandiver, 1983 ). This process of high-grading the manganese fraction of the rock could explain the ICP-OES variations observed between these two sample populations.…”

Section: Origin Of the Mno In Chinchorro Masksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A multianalytical approach for identifying a manganese source for the black pigment of the Chinchorro mortuary palette

et al. 2018

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The primary goal of this study was to characterize and evaluate the potential origins of manganese‐based paint used to decorate the Chinchorro mummies of northern Chile. We sampled small painted fragments from the trunk of two black mummies and nine samples from the cranium/face of the red mummies. In addition, we sampled manganese‐bearing rocks from the Lauca and Huaylas Formations exposed in the Altiplano, approximately 80–90 km northeast of Arica, Chile. Using scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and oxygen isotopic data, we propose these two formations are the likely source of manganese used by the Chinchorro culture to create their distinctive mortuary paint. However, the processes by which they collected and transported the raw material are still unclear. It is possible that Chinchorro traveled to the Altiplano, but a more likely cost‐benefit scenario is that manganese‐rich clasts were transported to lower elevations via rivers fed by seasonal rain and snowmelt.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Origin Of the Mno In Chinchorro Masksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A multianalytical approach for identifying a manganese source for the black pigment of the Chinchorro mortuary palette

et al. 2018

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“…The black colour is because of the occurrence of a variety of manganese oxides (Mn x O y ) in the pigment. Exact identification of the specific variety is difficult . Manganese oxides and oxyhydroxides show high thermal opacity and absorption.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy on Iberian archaeological materials

Tuñón

Sánchez

Parras

et al. 2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The knowledge and dissemination of the Iberian culture (6th to 1st century BC) have made great progress within the last three decades, so much so that it is now one of the main fields in the study of the Protohistory of the Iberian Peninsula. Even so, certain topics remain which need further research in Iberian Archaeology, such as the processes of manufacturing and decoration of various kinds of materials, and the choice of raw materials, including pigments. This piece of research presents micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis of a set of materials dated between the sixth and the third century BC. The typology of these materials includes ceramics and coverings with and without decoration. All of them are located in various archaeological sites of the Spanish provinces of Jaén, Granada, Málaga and Ciudad Real. The use of micro-Raman spectroscopy together with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction helped identify gypsum as the main raw material used for the inside coverings of houses and tombs, as well as for storage structures. Less frequent raw materials are calcite, dolomite and quartz. As to decoration in ceramics, the origin and elaboration of black decoration are here identified for the first time in the history of Iberian culture. Black decoration can be classified as two periods: the older period used manganese oxide and the later period used magnetite. Cinnabar has also been identified in the red decoration of ceramics retrieved as grave goods.

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“…No âmbito da Ciência do Patrimônio, a técnica vem sendo aplicada em estudos variados. No caso de pinturas rupestres diversas publicações podem ser encontradas na literatura (DARCHUK et al, 2010;DE FARIA e LOPES, 2011;DE FARIA e MENEZES, 2011;ROUSAKI et al, 2015;SEPULVEDA et al, 2015;MOYA et al, 2016;TASCON et al, 2016;GHECO et al, 2017;ROUSAKI et al, 2017;TRONCOSO et al, 2017;MORILLAS et al, 2018) sendo que o objetivo mais frequente é a identificação de pigmentos usados na produção das pinturas (DARCHUK et al, 2010;ROUSAKI et al, 2015;TASCON et al, 2016;GHECO et al, 2017;ROUSAKI et al, 2017) com a perspectiva de ampliar o conhecimento sobre práticas e técnicas dominadas por diferentes culturas ou, ainda, compreender melhor os processos associados à deterioração dos pictogramas (DE FARIA e MENEZES, 2011;FARIAS FILHO et al, 2017;MORILLAS et al, 2018). Tais análises foram usualmente feitas em amostras coletadas das pinturas seguindo procedimentos aprovados pelos órgãos de proteção ao patrimônio cultural, mas há uma publicação na qual os espectros foram obtidos in situ com o uso de instrumento portátil com duas radiações de excitação (532 nm and 785 nm) (ROUSAKI et al, 2017); nesse artigo são destacadas algumas das dificuldades encontradas no uso em campo desse tipo de instrumento.…”

Section: Aplicações Em Estudos De Bens Culturais -América Do Sulunclassified

Espectroscopia Raman e a Ciência do Patrimônio: aspectos gerais e panorama atual na América do Sul

Faria

2018

Cad. LEPAARQ

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As últimas décadas tem presenciado um crescente aumento no uso de métodos físico-químicos de análise de bens culturais. Algumas dessas técnicas tem se mostrado particularmente úteis pelo caráter não invasivo e não destrutivo que apresentam e, dentre elas, a espectroscopia Raman apresenta posição de destaque. Neste artigo, essas características da técnica são detalhadas, bem como são apresentados os fundamentos teóricos do espalhamento inelástico de luz e discutidos alguns aspectos práticos de sua utilização. Finalmente, é apresentado um levantamento detalhado dos grupos de pesquisa da América do Sul, voltados ao estudo de bens culturais, que tem se utilizado dessa ferramenta analítica e em qual tipo de questionamentos vem sendo aplicada. Abstract: The last decades have witnessed an ever growing increase in the usage of physico-chemical methods to investigate cultural heritage problems. Some of these techniques are proving to be particularly useful in such a context, due to their non-invasive and non-destructive nature; among them, Raman spectroscopy occupies a prominent position. In this paper, such characteristics of the technique are detailed and the physical basis of inelastic light scattering are presented, together with some practical aspects of its applications. Finally, it is here offered a detailed survey in the literature on the South American research groups devoted to the investigation of cultural heritage issues who are using Raman spectroscopy, and the type of interrogation carried on.

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Micro-Raman spectral identification of manganese oxides black pigments in an archaeological context in Northern Chile

Cited by 38 publications

References 29 publications

A multianalytical approach for identifying a manganese source for the black pigment of the Chinchorro mortuary palette

A multianalytical approach for identifying a manganese source for the black pigment of the Chinchorro mortuary palette

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy on Iberian archaeological materials

Espectroscopia Raman e a Ciência do Patrimônio: aspectos gerais e panorama atual na América do Sul

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