Micro torque measurements for a prototype turbine

Abstract

Many applications for microengineered devices can be envisaged for actuators capable of doing work or transferring power. Millimetre order turbines are considered in this study for the development of torque and the possibilities for the delivery of work. A prototype microturbine, with overall thickness of less than a millimetre, was studied for its torque capabilities. The initial prototype was realized using precision mechanics although implementation of the turbine is planned using microengineering techniques. A viscous braking method was developed to measure the shaft torque of the turbine, demonstrating shaft coupling and the possibilities for power transfer. In order to validate the viscous braking method for torque measurement, a mechanical friction brake (dynamometer) was developed to compare the measurements obtained for a miniature electric motor of known characteristics. The results from this series of calibration experiments were then used to evaluate the performance of a microturbine prototype. The dynamometer torque measurements were found to closely agree with the manufacture's stated stall torque for the miniature motor of 1.8*10-4 N m. The viscous brake torque measurements were found to underestimate the motor torque by around 20% with slight variation related to the angular velocity of the shaft. Shaft torque measurements for the prototype microturbine were possible using the viscous brake but not the dynamometer. It was felt that 10-5 N m represented the lower limit for the dynamometer torque measurement while the viscous brake could address torques down to 10-8 N m. The fluid brake produced measurements of torque in the range of 10-7 N m for the microturbine. At this level only an order of magnitude accuracy is claimed because of some uncertainties with the fluid model used for the viscous brake torque calculation. The shaft torque range for the viscous brake was from 10-4 N m down to 10-8 N m; this might be extended by optimizing the fluid model.

An ultra-high precision, high bandwidth torque sensor for microrobotics applications

“…Other micro-torque sensors have been developed for characterizing micromotors [12], [13], [14], however, these devices were designed for continuously rotating motor shafts and are not easily adapted to measure body torques generated by flapping-wing microrobots.…”

A method for measuring and calibrating resistive microtorque of a mechanical microcounter

“…It has been highlighted by Ota et al [4] that the use of traditional means of measuring torque presents difficulties when used for the measurement of micro torque. This is because of the frictional resistances of mechanical linkages obscuring the measurement as found by Mathieson et al [3].…”

“…These methods have the drawback that there is a significant amount of coupling of the measurement system's inertia to that of the measured system such as in Jackobsen et al [2]. Following Mathieson et al's [3] characterisation of a micro turbine Ota et al [4] proposed a new method of measuring microtorque using a micro turbine. Measurement of the pressure drop across a miniature turbine attached to the motor and resisted by an air flow, characterises torques in the region of 10 −7 N m. It was claimed that the use of wind pressure reduces the loss during measurements, and makes it possible to measure low levels of torque.…”

A New Method to Measure the Output Torque for Micromotor

“…One of the measuring methods traditionally uses the so-called contact method to measure the microtorque. Mathiesont et al [4] use the viscous braking method to measure the microtorque of the motor. The tested precision is about 10 −5 N · m. Gass et al [5] use the so-called cantilever method to measure the output microtorque.…”