Micro void coalescence of ductile fracture in mild steel during tensile straining

Pradhan, P. K.; Robi, P. S.; Roy, Sankar Kumar

doi:10.3221/igf-esis.19.05

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Comparing Figure 11b-e, the dimple size in the horizontal samples (numbers 3, 6, and 8) were found to be similar to that in the vertical sample (number 11). Due to the micro-void coalescence effect [28], some large dimples appeared locally.…”

Section: Fractographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Steel Deposits Obtained via Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Using Metal-Cored Wire

Lin

Goulas

et al. 2019

Metals

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Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a 3D metal printing technique based on the arc welding process. WAAM is considered to be suitable to produce large-scale metallic components by combining high deposition rate and low cost. WAAM uses conventional welding consumable wires as feedstock. In some applications of steel components, one-off spare parts need to be made on demand from steel grades that do not exist as commercial welding wire. In this research, a specifically produced medium carbon steel (Grade XC-45), metal-cored wire, equivalent to a composition of XC-45 forged material, was deposited with WAAM to produce a thin wall. The specific composition was chosen because it is of particular interest for the on-demand production of heavily loaded aerospace components. The microstructure, hardness, and tensile strength of the deposited part were studied. Fractography studies were conducted on the tested specimens. Due to the multiple thermal cycles during the building process, local variations in microstructural features were evident. Nevertheless, the hardness of the part was relatively uniform from the top to the bottom of the construct. The mean yield/ultimate tensile strength was 620 MPa/817 MPa in the horizontal (deposition) direction and 580 MPa/615 MPa in the vertical (build) direction, respectively. The elongation in both directions showed a significant difference, i.e., 6.4% in the horizontal direction and 11% in the vertical direction. Finally, from the dimple-like structures observed in the fractography study, a ductile fracture mode was determined. Furthermore, a comparison of mechanical properties between WAAM and traditionally processed XC-45, such as casting, forging, and cold rolling was conducted. The results show a more uniform hardness distribution and higher tensile strength of the WAAM deposit using the designed metal-cored wires.

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Section: Fractographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Steel Deposits Obtained via Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Using Metal-Cored Wire

Lin

Goulas

et al. 2019

Metals

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“…It was found that the specimen exhibits ductile fracture, where the fracture surface shows moderate necking before the break which is shown in Figure 4. The nature of ductile fracture is associated with a large amount of plastic deformation and occurs when the total stress (the sum of local stress, flow stress and hydrostatic stress) exceeds the interface bond strength [20]. The ultimate tensile strength is used as an indicator of a material limit stress at which the input parameters for the cyclic test.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the biaxial fatigue behaviour on medium carbon steel using the strain-life approach

Mohamed¹,

Abdullah²,

Arifin³

et al. 2022

Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng.

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This study aims to investigate the fatigue behaviour and determine the fatigue life prediction under biaxial loading. Fatigue tests were performed according to ASTM 2207-02 and the values of tensile stresses are selected from the ultimate tensile strength which is 0.5 Su, 0.6 Su, 0.7 Su, 0.8 Su and 0.9 Su, while the torsion angle representing the shear stresses acting was set at 15 degrees. The biaxial fatigue test was conducted using a combination of two types of stresses acting on the same frequency, namely 1 Hz, on smooth specimens made from medium carbon steel. The biaxial fatigue lives of the specimens are recorded when the specimen has completely fractured. The results indicate that the observed fatigue lives are in good agreement with the predicted lives by using the Coffin-Manson, Morrow, and Smith-Watson-Topper strain-based models. Mohr's circle approach was used to determine the maximum shear stress and principal normal stress. The maximum shear stress increased from 457 MPa to 486 MPa with the increment of principal normal stress from 612 MPa to 767 MPa. The principal stresses, maximum shear stresses, and energy dissipated were used to explain and describe the behaviour of biaxial fatigue. Both stresses are inversely proportional to the fatigue life. Meanwhile, the energy is linearly proportional to the stress applied, where the values increase in the range 500 kJ/m 3 to 605 kJ/m 3. Thus, the basic understanding of the material behaviour may be used in the processes of declaring component service lives and the fatigue life prediction of a particular automotive component. Therefore, the cost incurred can be reduced for the development process in material engineering.

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“…Then, the microhardness varies between 270 HV and 260 HV when measured near the top part. Generally, the deposited material goes through complex thermal cycles, which is expected to affect the microhardness [26,27]. It has been confirmed that the fluctuation of the microhardness comes from various thermal cycles and cooling rates in diverse parts of the component, and the microhardness values of multilayers are influenced by the heating at previous layers [28].…”

Section: Microhardnessmentioning

confidence: 90%

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon High-Strength Steel Fabricated by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing

Li-hua

Jiang

Huang

et al. 2020

Metals

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Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a novel technique for fabricating large and complex components applied in the manufacturing industry. In this study, a low-carbon high-strength steel component deposited by WAAM for use in ship building was obtained. Its microstructure and mechanical properties as well as fracture mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that the microstructure consisted of an equiaxed zone, columnar zone, and inter-layer zone, while the phases formed in different parts of the deposited component were different due to various thermal cycles and cooling rates. The microhardness of the bottom and top varied from 290 HV to 260 HV, caused by temperature gradients and an inhomogeneous microstructure. Additionally, the tensile properties in transversal and longitudinal orientations show anisotropy characteristics, which was further investigated using a digital image correlation (DIC) method. This experimental fact indicated that the longitudinal tensile property has an inferior performance and tends to cause stress concentrations in the inter-layer areas due to the inclusion of more inter-layer zones. Furthermore, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was applied to analyze the difference in Taylor factor between the inter-layer area and deposited area. The standard deviation of the Taylor factor in the inter-layer area was determined to be 0.907, which was larger than that in the deposited area (0.865), indicating nonuniform deformation and local stress concentration occurred in inter-layer area. Finally, as observed from the fracture morphology on the fractured surface of the sample, anisotropy was also approved by the comparison of the transversal and longitudinal tensile specimens.

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Micro void coalescence of ductile fracture in mild steel during tensile straining

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Steel Deposits Obtained via Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Using Metal-Cored Wire

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Steel Deposits Obtained via Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Using Metal-Cored Wire

Characterization of the biaxial fatigue behaviour on medium carbon steel using the strain-life approach

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon High-Strength Steel Fabricated by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing

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