Microalgae as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Natural Product Against Human Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Abstract

The skin is the first line of defense against pathogen and other environmental pollutant. The body is constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that stimulates inflammatory process in the skin. Many studies have linked ROS to various inflammatory skin diseases. Patients with skin diseases face various challenges with inefficient and inappropriate treatment in managing skin diseases. Overproduction of ROS in the body will result in oxidative stress which will lead to various cellular damage and alter normal cell function. Multiple signaling pathways are seen to have significant effects during ROS-mediated oxidative stress. In this review, microalgae have been selected as a source of natural-derived antioxidant to combat inflammatory skin diseases that are prominent in today's society. Several studies have demonstrated that bioactive compounds isolated from microalgae have anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative properties that can help remedy various skin diseases. These compounds are able to inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines and reduce the expression of inflammatory genes. Bioactive compounds from microalgae work in action by altering enzyme activities, regulating cellular activities, targeting major signaling pathways related to inflammation.

Microalgae Bioactive Compounds to Topical Applications Products—A Review

“…The immunomodulator mechanisms include cytokines, interferons, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factors, secreted primarily by macrophages, lymphocytes, and keratinocytes in the epidermis [ 28 , 44 ]. Additionally, various factors such as uncontrolled responses to pathogens, toxic substances and reactive oxygen species ( ROS )-mediated oxidative stress promote the release of pro-inflammatory mediators [ 28 , 45 ]. Accordingly, immunomodulatory agents are used to inhibit inflammatory responses and fight diseases.…”

How Microalgae is Effective in Oxygen Deficiency Aggravated Diseases? A Comprehensive Review of Literature

“… 120 , 121 Microalgae and their extracts contain a variety of bioactive components with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. 122 , 123 For example, a microalgae-based wound dressing was developed to promote wound healing by exploiting its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. 124 In the case of chronic wounds, a wound dressing that can fight inflammation, sterilize the wound, and minimize local hypoxia is ideal for promoting wound healing.…”

Effect of Astaxanthin on Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Effects of Astaxanthin Treatment for Atopic Dermatitis-induced Mice

“…water, so it is used as an important biomarker to indirectly show oxidative damage to tissues [34]. Clinical and experimental animal studies of AD using AST as treatment have reported significant anti-inflammatory effects [16][17][18][19][20] and balanced Th1 cells and Th2 cells [28].…”

“…A study has reported that AST inhibits intracellular oxidation produced by various ROS, and reduces neurotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or serum deprivation [15]. AST has also been reported to improve AD and contact dermatitis by controlling inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mechanisms [16][17][18]. Anti-inflammatory effects of AST [19] and liposomal AST [13] in PA-induced animal models of AD have been reported.…”