Microalgae conversion to alternative energy, operating environment and economic footprint: An influential approach towards energy conversion, and management

Microalgal-Based Bioenergy: Strategies, Prospects, and Sustainability

“…This mixed system not only mitigated the toxic components (heavy metals) and improved lipid productivity but also modulated the fatty acid profile with a high proportion of saturated and monounsaturated carbon chains, proposing an improved cetane number and better oxidative stability and cold flow property . Indeed, the selection and adaptation of these microbial cultures in consortia need to be optimized through different optimization tools, such as response surface methodology (RSM), with the aim to address the objective of an algae biorefinery . In this effort, a mixed algal consortium was screened and adapted to survive coal-fired gas to harness its ability of CO 2 fixation .…”

“…Anaerobic digestion (biogas generation), alcoholic fermentation (bioethanol production), and photobiological hydrogen production are all examples of biochemical transformations (production of biohydrogen). 72 To make biodiesel, triglycerides found in algal lipid components react with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form a fatty acid chain during the process of transesterification. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and glycerol can be delivered using methanol and ethanol, and this transesterification reaction is often catalyzed by an acid or base.…”

“…211 Indeed, the selection and adaptation of these microbial cultures in consortia need to be optimized through different optimization tools, such as response surface methodology (RSM), with the aim to address the objective of an algae biorefinery. 72 In this effort, a mixed algal consortium was screened and adapted to survive coal-fired gas to harness its ability of CO 2 fixation. 243 Further, the mixed microalgal consortia (Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophycaea) was cultivated outdoors in plastic bags in the form of a tubular bioreactor using coal-fired flue gas (1−5.5% CO 2 ) along with phosphate buffer to simultaneously mitigate CO 2 emissions and produce a high lipid content.…”

“…), and direct burning or combustion (heat and electricity generation). , The biochemical reaction illustrates the natural bioprocessing of biomass to produce biofuels. Anaerobic digestion (biogas generation), alcoholic fermentation (bioethanol production), and photobiological hydrogen production are all examples of biochemical transformations (production of biohydrogen) . To make biodiesel, triglycerides found in algal lipid components react with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form a fatty acid chain during the process of transesterification.…”

“…The type of algal cultivation system for bioenergy production adopted by different countries across the globe has been listed in Table . Modifying the cultivation systems, hybridizing two or more systems, engineering media, adding lipid-promoting chemical agents, employing advanced harvesting/separation techniques, and using algal consortia/mixed cultures (bacterial/yeast/fungal) along with biotechnological intervention to genetically modify the strain present some fascinating engineering approaches to enhance biomass and lipid productivities. , The recent technical development to facilitate commercial production of microalgal energy has been depicted in Figure . In this context, the present section will be focused on discussing the recent technological advancement in terms of novel cultivation strategies, co-cultivation systems, genetic engineering tools, and computational methodologies to address the large-scale production of algal biodiesel.…”