Microalgae Produce Antioxidant Molecules with Potential Preventive Effects on Mitochondrial Functions and Skeletal Muscular Oxidative Stress

Abstract

In recent years, microalgae have become a source of molecules for a healthy life. Their composition of carbohydrates, peptides, lipids, vitamins and carotenoids makes them a promising new source of antioxidant molecules. Skeletal muscle is a tissue that requires constant remodeling via protein turnover, and its regular functioning consumes energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is produced by mitochondria. Under conditions of traumatic exercise or muscular diseases, a high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the origin of oxidative stress (OS) will lead to inflammation and muscle atrophy, with life-long consequences. In this review, we describe the potential antioxidant effects of microalgae and their biomolecules on mitochondrial functions and skeletal muscular oxidative stress during exercises or in musculoskeletal diseases, as in sarcopenia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), through the increase in and regulation of antioxidant pathways and protein synthesis.

A Green Revolution in Antioxidant Research: Harnessing Microalgae for Wellness and Longevity

“…Some microalgae species like Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Trentepohlia (Chlorophyta), Euglena (Euglenozoa) (Figure 5a) produce polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which are well-known for their antioxidant properties. These compounds can neutralize free radicals and exhibit various health benefits [6,13]. Microalgae like Dunaliella (Chlorophyta) and Porphyridium (Rhodophyta) can also contain vitamin E compounds, such as tocopherols and tocotrienols, which act as antioxidants to protect cellular membranes from lipid peroxidation [27].…”

“…The antioxidant properties of these bioactive compounds make microalgae potential candidates for various applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Extracts and supplements derived from microalgae are being explored for their health-promoting effects and their potential to combat oxidative stress-related diseases [6]. It's important to note that the antioxidant potential of microalgae can vary depending on the species, growing conditions, and extraction methods.…”

“…Additionally, the interactions among different antioxidants and their combined effects may further enhance their overall antioxidant capacity. Further research and studies are needed to fully elucidate the precise mechanisms of action of microalgae-derived antioxidants and their potential therapeutic applications [6,13,20].…”

“…Animal models are essential tools in scientific research for investigating the health effects of microalgae-derived antioxidants [6]. These models allow researchers to study the physiological and biochemical responses of living organisms to the consumption of microalgae or their isolated antioxidant compounds.…”

“…Moreover, investigating the various extraction, purification, and cultivation techniques for microalgae-derived antioxidants will pave the way for their integration into preventive and therapeutic approaches for improved human health and wellbeing. Through this exploration, we hope to inspire further research and innovation in the field of microalgae-based antioxidants and propel the green revolution towards a healthier and more sustainable future [5,6].…”