Microautophagy in Plants: Consideration of Its Molecular Mechanism

Sieńko, K.; Poormassalehgoo, Andisheh; Yamada, Kenji; Goto-Yamada, Shino

doi:10.3390/cells9040887

Cited by 50 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…The mechanisms that regulate microautophagy are poorly understood, with most microautophagy research being performed primarily in a yeast cell. These studies focused primarily on the mechanism by which lysosomes engulf peroxisomes by altering the environmental carbon source from methanol to glucose ( Sienko et al, 2020 ). Microautophagy can be carried out both in a non-selective and selective process that targets proteins and organelles.…”

Section: Autophagymentioning

confidence: 99%

Defective Autophagy and Mitophagy in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

2021

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Aging is the time-dependent process that all living organisms go through characterized by declining physiological function due to alterations in metabolic and molecular pathways. Many decades of research have been devoted to uncovering the cellular changes and progression of aging and have revealed that not all organisms with the same chronological age exhibit the same age-related declines in physiological function. In assessing biological age, factors such as epigenetic changes, telomere length, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction in rescue mechanisms such as autophagy all play major roles. Recent studies have focused on autophagy dysfunction in aging, particularly on mitophagy due to its major role in energy generation and reactive oxidative species generation of mitochondria. Mitophagy has been implicated in playing a role in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The purpose of our article is to highlight the mechanisms of autophagy and mitophagy and how defects in these pathways contribute to the physiological markers of aging and AD. This article also discusses how mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, impaired biogenesis, and defective mitophagy are related to aging and AD progression. This article highlights recent studies of amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau in relation to autophagy and mitophagy in AD.

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Section: Autophagymentioning

confidence: 99%

Defective Autophagy and Mitophagy in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

2021

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“…Microlipophagy in yeast shows indirect involvement of ATG genes, or macroautophagy, in microautophagic membrane dynamics (Sieńko et al 2020). In contrast, another type of microlipophagy requires endosomal sorting complexes required for transport machinery, but not core ATG proteins Note that in the bicellular pollen, 60% of lipid bodies were localized around the generative cell, whereas in tricellular pollen, they were distributed throughout the cell.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, microautophagy may involve both ATG-dependent and ATG-independent pathways. For example, micropexophagy (microautophagy targeting peroxisome) and microlipophagy are reported to require a series of ATG proteins in yeast (Sieńko et al 2020). ATG-dependent microautophagy in plants was reported, in which chloroplasts damaged by high light are selectively eliminated (Nakamura and Izumi 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural characterization of microlipophagy induced by the interaction of vacuoles and lipid bodies around generative and sperm cells in Arabidopsis pollen

et al. 2020

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During pollen maturation, various organelles change their distribution and function during development as male gametophytes. We analyzed the behavior of lipid bodies and vacuoles involved in lipophagy in Arabidopsis pollen using serial section SEM and conventional TEM. At the bicellular pollen stage, lipid bodies in the vegetative cells lined up at the surface of the generative cell. Vacuoles then tightly attached, drew in, and degraded the lipid bodies and eventually occupied the space of the lipid bodies. Degradation of lipid began before transfer of the entire contents of the lipid body. At the tricellular stage, vacuoles instead of lipid bodies surrounded the sperm cells. The degradation of lipid bodies is morphologically considered microautophagy. The atg2-1 Arabidopsis mutant is deficient in one autophagy-related gene (ATG). In this mutant, the assembly of vacuoles around sperm cells was sparser than that in wild-type pollen. The deficiency of ATG2 likely prevents or slows lipid degradation, although it does not prevent contact between organelles. These results demonstrate the involvement of microlipophagy in the pollen development of Arabidopsis.

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“…The second form of autophagic processes is microautophagy which is mediated—in plants and fungi by vacuolar action—during the direct engulfment of the surrounding cytoplasmic cargo [ 33 ]. This cytosolic material is trapped in the lysosome/vacuole by a non-selective random process of membrane invagination to create small intraluminal vesicles, which are then degraded.…”

Section: The Phenomenon Of Autophagymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in the Various Forms of Autophagy

Csizmadia

Lőw

2020

IJMS

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Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) have an essential role in several cell biological processes via removing the various ubiquitin patterns as posttranslational modification forms from the target proteins. These enzymes also contribute to the normal cytoplasmic ubiquitin pool during the recycling of this molecule. Autophagy, a summary name of the lysosome dependent self-degradative processes, is necessary for maintaining normal cellular homeostatic equilibrium. Numerous forms of autophagy are known depending on how the cellular self-material is delivered into the lysosomal lumen. In this review we focus on the colorful role of DUBs in autophagic processes and discuss the mechanistic contribution of these molecules to normal cellular homeostasis via the possible regulation forms of autophagic mechanisms.

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Microautophagy in Plants: Consideration of Its Molecular Mechanism

Cited by 50 publications

References 82 publications

Defective Autophagy and Mitophagy in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Defective Autophagy and Mitophagy in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Ultrastructural characterization of microlipophagy induced by the interaction of vacuoles and lipid bodies around generative and sperm cells in Arabidopsis pollen

The Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in the Various Forms of Autophagy

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