“…28 The design of bioinoculants, however, often relies heavily on trial-and-error experiments, and the efficacy of the most promising microbe-based biofertilizers in laboratory settings may vary under different agricultural conditions. 29 Single microbial inoculants verified in the laboratory have difficulty simulating complex field conditions, which influences the effectiveness of the inoculant to a certain extent. Furthermore, various factors, such as the specific crop, edaphic conditions (e.g., pH, salinity, and soil type), biotic interactions (e.g., competition, parasites, and predators), and climatic influences, impede the effectiveness of commercial inoculants.…”