“…According to the Ministry of Natural Resources of China, there were 53,598 mines by the end of 2020 ( Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC, 2020b ), while abandoned open-pit mines in key watersheds and regions, such as the Yellow River Basin and the Fenwei Plain, have significantly contributed to heavy metal pollution ( Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC, 2020a ). Metal (loid) exploitation and mining activities have led to increased toxicity of ecosystems and threaten human health when their residuals were released into the water, soil, air, or food chain ( Liu et al, 2019 ). Over the last three decades, various in-situ and ex-situ soil remediation techniques have been developed to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils, which can be grouped into soil washing, soil replacement, electrokinetic remediation, chemical fixation, chemical leaching, phytoremediation, and bioremediation ( Liu et al, 2017 ; Ali et al, 2022 ).…”