Microbial and enzyme properties of apple orchard soil as affected by long-term application of copper fungicide

Impact of selected insecticides and fungicides on phosphatase activity in groundnut (arachis hypogaea l.) soils

“…Obviously, phosphatase activity is instability in the beginning of 2 to 4 weeks incubation along with decomposing of mixed pesticides of deltramethrin and probineb in soil, and decline to last part of 12 weeks incubation (Rahmansyah et al, 2009). (Wang et al, 2009) showed that the phosphatase activity in copper concentrations of orchard soils significantly increased with increasing orchard ages ranging from 21.8 to 141 mg kg ). The ratio of soil C mic to total organic C (Corg) increased from 8.1-to 18.3 mg C mic g -1 corg with decreasing orchard ages, and was 26.1 mg C mic g -1 Corg for the reference soil.…”

Soil response to chemicals used in a field experiment

“…The results of our study showed that the activity of urease increased after the application of the herbicide Reglone 200 SL during the experiment. Wang et al (2009) studied the effect of copper-based fungicides on the biochemical activity of soil. The authors observed an inhibition of urease activity, which was caused by changes in soil acidity.…”

“…The enzymatic activity is a parameter which reflects the status of soil environment and can be adopted as an indicator of the total microbiological activity (Alkorta et al, 2003). High activity of soil microorganisms indicates good quality of soils as well as correct functioning of the processes conducted by soil organisms (Wang et al, 2009). It is one of the indices of estimation of the fertility and productivity of soils and permits acquisition of comprehensive knowledge on changes in the soil environment (Janvier et al, 2007) before they can be detected by other soil properties.…”

Environmental Risks of Fungicides Used in Horticultural Production Systems

“…Furthermore, a study in avocado orchards reported that accumulated Cu resulted in a decrease in earthworm activity and in decrease in the rate of litter decomposition (Van Zwieten, 2004). In relation to microbial activity, Wang et al (2009) found a relationship between increased soil Cu concentration and decreased microbial biomass and phosphatase activity in the soils of apple orchards that had received copper-based fungicides for 5 to 45 years. Similarly, Merrington et al (2002) reported a 20% decrease in microbial biomass in avocado orchard soils with 280 -345 mg/kg total Cu, compared with clean reference soils.…”