Microbial Bioremediation of Environmental Pollution

Abstract

Industrial and agricultural progress, coupled with population expansion, has led to many questions in the scientific community over the current status of environmental pollution and natural resource scarcity [...]

The function of microbial enzymes in breaking down soil contaminated with pesticides: a review

“…Bioremediation using microorganisms is becoming more popular for site cleanup. Various microorganisms have been employed to bio-transform pesticides [ 5 , 25 ]. Bacteria and fungi are the primary organisms engaged in biodegradation [ 5 , 22 , 25 – 27 ].…”

“…Various microorganisms have been employed to bio-transform pesticides [ 5 , 25 ]. Bacteria and fungi are the primary organisms engaged in biodegradation [ 5 , 22 , 25 – 27 ]. Bacterial species discovered to be capable of pesticide degradation often belong to the genera Flavobacterium , Burkholderia , Arthrobacter , Azotobacter , and Pseudomonas [ 5 , 12 , 18 , 24 , 28 , 29 ].…”

“…Microbial degradation includes the processes of oxidation of parent compounds and the subsequent generation of carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy, as well as the production of certain additional byproducts [ 11 , 22 , 25 ]. The process meanwhile supplies carbon and energy for microbial growth and reproduction [ 15 , 22 ].…”

“…For example, fungal enzymes such as laccase [ 18 , 34 ], oxidoreductases [ 18 ], and peroxidases [ 9 , 12 , 18 , 31 ] been reported to have important applications in pesticide removal. Other bacterial enzymes capable of pesticide degradation include nitro-reductase enzymes from aerobic and anaerobic metabolism bacteria [ 10 , 28 , 33 ] and esterases from Pseudomonas fluorescens [ 25 , 34 ]. Several microorganism enzymes capable of degrading carbofuran, carbaryl, aldicarb, lindane, endosulfan, DDT, and monocrotophos also have been identified [ 11 , 20 , 22 , 26 , 28 , 35 ].…”

“…; Alicyclobaillus sp., B. licheniformis ; B. cereus; Brevibacillus sp. Oil spills; OPs insecticides; phenyl-urea herbicide diuron; malathion [ 28 , 34 ] Carboxyl-esterases Catalyze hydrolysis reaction of carboxyl ester bond in synthetic pesticides in the presence of water Lucilia cuprina ; B. cereus ; A. niger ; Nephotettix cincticeps Organophosphorus; Pyrethroid insecticides [ 25 , 34 ] Phospho-triesterases Catalyze hydrolysis reaction of phosphotriester in OP compounds Flavobacterium sp. Pseudomonas diminuta Sulfolobus solfataricus Deinococcus radioduran Organophosphorus compounds in pesticide [ 13 , 71 , 72 ] Haloalkane dehalogenase Catalyze hydrolysis reaction that cleave carbon-halogen linkages in the presence of water as cosubstrate Sphingobium japonicum Sphingobium indicum Chlorinated hydrocarbon, halogenated aliphatic compounds (1,2,3-trichloropropane) [ 42 , 75] …”