Microbial Contamination of Medicinal Plants - A Review*

Kneifel, Wolfgang; Czech, Erich; Kopp, Brigitte

doi:10.1055/s-2002-20060

Cited by 143 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A contaminação por esses microrganismos pode acarretar deterioração do material por ser fonte de enzimas e de patógenos, podendo levar ao desenvolvimento de doenças. São produtos de alto risco, sendo necessário definir medidas adequadas de controle higiênico-sanitário para garantir a qualidade e segurança deste tipo de produto desde a coleta, armazenamento e manipulação até o produto final (Kneifel et al, 2002).…”

Section: Procedimentos De Controle Microbiológicounclassified

O Brasil no contexto de controle de qualidade de plantas medicinais

Souza-Moreira¹,

Salgado²,

Pietro³

2010

Rev. bras. farmacogn.

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RESUMO:Atualmente, as plantas medicinais movem altos valores financeiros em todo o mundo e representam o tipo de tratamento mais acessível para cerca de 80% da população, principalmente entre os países em desenvolvimento. Entretanto, existe ainda uma falta de conhecimento sobre propriedades químicas, farmacológicas e toxicológicas a fim de assegurar a eficácia e segurança das plantas medicinais. Os critérios de eficácia e segurança de plantas medicinais estão relacionados a qualidade, isto é, as plantas necessitam ser corretamente identificadas, cultivadas e coletadas, devem estar livres de material estranho, partes de outras plantas e contaminações inorgânicas e/ ou microbianas. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de elucidar os diferentes processos e padronizações sobre o controle de drogas vegetais, principalmente no Brasil.Unitermos: Plantas medicinais, fitoquímica, controle de qualidade.ABSTRACT: "Brazil in the context of plants and derivates quality control". Nowadays medicinal plants move high financial values at the world and represent a type of treatment more accessible for about 80% of people, mainly among developing countries. However, there is a lack of knowledge about chemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties towards ensure their efficacy and safety. Efficacy and safety criteria of medicinal plants are related to quality, that is, the plants need to be correctly identified, cultivated and harvested, they must be free of strange material, part of other plants and inorganic and/or microorganisms contamination. The aim of this study was to elucidate different process and standardizations about quality control of vegetal drugs mainly in Brazil. ISSN 0102-695X Keywords INTRODUÇÃOPor longos períodos na história, o uso de plantas medicinais foi presente não só devido ao seu caráter alimentar, mas também às suas propriedades de cura, sejam elas reais ou ritualísticas. Entretanto, até a metade do século XX, o uso de medicamentos de origem sintética tornou-se mais amplo que o uso de plantas medicinais, principalmente na sociedade ocidental, com destaque para os países desenvolvidos visto que os considerados países em desenvolvimento permaneceram fazendo uso das propriedades curativas das plantas, certamente devido às difíceis condições econômicas de aquisição dos medicamentos sintéticos

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Section: Procedimentos De Controle Microbiológicounclassified

O Brasil no contexto de controle de qualidade de plantas medicinais

Souza-Moreira¹,

Salgado²,

Pietro³

2010

Rev. bras. farmacogn.

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“…Upon re-hydration, these microorganisms use the proteins and carbohydrates of the plant material to grow, and have to detoxify some of the plants' metabolites to survive, as several metabolites have some sort of generic antimicrobial activity, as described for example for iridoid glycosides (IGs) present in Plantago lanceolata -via protein crosslinking activity (Senatore et al, 2007). Many publications are available in the literature on the microbiological community of medicinal plant raw materials (for a review, see (Kneifel et al, 2002)). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filamentous fungi from Plantago lanceolata L. leaves: Contribution to the pattern and stability of bioactive metabolites

et al. 2013

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The aim of this study was to test contribution of plant-associated microorganism (PAMs) to metabolite stability/instability in a medicinal plant matrix.Therefore, PAM strains were isolated and identified based on relevant DNA sequences from Plantago lanceolata leaves. Sterile water extracts of P. lanceolata were incubated with the isolated strains and antioxidants (ascorbic acid (AA), and EDTA) for 15 days, and changes in the concentrations of chief bioactive constituents (aucubin, catalpol, acteoside (= verbascoside)) were quantified by capillary electrophoresis. Phenolic breakdown-products were identified by GC-MS.PAMs were identified from the genera Epicoccum, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Leptosphaerulina, Aspergillus, Eurotium and Penicillium (pathongens, endophytes, and other species). Some fungi caused significant decomposition of the chief constituents (p < 0.001). Surprisingly, some strains inhibited breakdown of acteoside (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, concentration of several phenolic acids increased in fungi-infested extracts (p<0.001). Gentisic acid, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxytyrosol were only present when the extract was infested with a PAM. The products are powerful antioxidants and chelators. Concentrations of phenolic acids influenced acteoside stability significantly (p < 0.01), as shown by basic data-mining techniques. AA and EDTA also significantly inhibited acteoside breakdown in sterile model solutions (p < 0.05).Our results suggest, that the phenolic acid mixture (produced during the fungal proliferation) protected acteoside from breakdown, possibly via its antioxidant activity and metal complexing ability.It was shown, that PAMs can increase or decrease the stability of chief metabolites in herbal matrices, and can significantly alter the chemical pattern of the plant matrix. 2 KeywordsPlantago lanceolata L., ribwort plantain, endophyte, plant-associated microorganism, metabolite stability, phenolic acids, acteoside 3

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“…Apart from causing diseases, these micro-organisms could lead to rapid deterioration of the products thus invariably affecting their safety and efficacy. Previous studies on herbal products have shown wide variety of microbial contaminants [32,33]. Microbial contamination of herbs and/or products can result from improper handling during production and packaging.…”

Section: Citationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unregulated Promotion and Sale of Herbal Remedies: A Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of Twelve Such Commercial Products Claimed to be Beneficial and Patronised for a Variety of Ailments in Nigeria

Cs¹,

Vin-Anuonye²,

Et³

et al. 2014

J Pharmacovigilance

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Preparation, distribution, advertisement, and usage of phythomedicinal products in Nigeria are weakly regulated raising genuine concern for public safety. In this study, twelve highly patronised commercial herbal products (S1-S12) claimed to be beneficial in the management of either diabetes mellitus, diarrhoea, or hypertension were procured from herbal vendors in Nigeria and evaluated against their claims of efficacy and safety using established whole animal and in vitro models. S1, S2, and S3 were tested for anti-hyperglycaemic activity in normoglycemic and diabetic rats and only S1 and S2 showed some reductions in blood glucose at some time points but S3 produced no reduction in blood sugar at all the time points. Three samples, S4, S5, and S6 significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited the frequency of diarrhoea drops in rats at a dose of 250 mg/kg and caused minimal (P>0.05) reduction in intestinal transit of a charcoal meal in mice. Infusion of aqueous extract of samples (S7-S12) up to 1mg/kg, showed that only the mean arterial blood pressure of cannulated cat was reduced by S7 and S8 but samples S9, S10, S11, and S12 did not cause any reduction in the arterial blood pressure. At a dose of 1 mg/kg, S7 and S8 caused a BP reduction of 150 and 76.92% relative to the reduction produced by ACh (1 µg/kg). The safety of these samples was assessed by determining the acute toxicity of these preparations and checking the nature of contaminating organisms and the levels of such contamination (bio-load). Acute toxicity studies in mice showed that at doses above 5000 mg/kg, per os, all the herbal samples did not cause death or produced signs of acute intoxication in mice. The samples were found to be contaminated with a variety of microorganisms, although their bio-loads were largely within pharmacopoeia specification. S7 is the most heavily contaminated; S3, S4, and S12 are contaminated with Gram negative organisms that may be potentially pathogenic. The outcome of this preliminary investigations demonstrates the need for stricter regulation and registration of commercial herbal products. Post-marketing surveillance, pharmacovigilance, and random screening of herbal products should be entrenched in the regulatory framework to quickly dictate any possible adverse effect and ensure consistency in the quality of distributed herbal medicines.

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Microbial Contamination of Medicinal Plants - A Review*

Cited by 143 publications

References 18 publications

O Brasil no contexto de controle de qualidade de plantas medicinais

O Brasil no contexto de controle de qualidade de plantas medicinais

Filamentous fungi from Plantago lanceolata L. leaves: Contribution to the pattern and stability of bioactive metabolites

Unregulated Promotion and Sale of Herbal Remedies: A Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of Twelve Such Commercial Products Claimed to be Beneficial and Patronised for a Variety of Ailments in Nigeria

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