Microbial Degradation of Compounds with Nitro Functions

Blotevogel, Karl-Heinz; Gorontzy, Thomas

doi:10.1002/9783527620951.ch11

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…DPA's toxicity data for birds and reptiles were scarce, but it was reported to be hazardous to mammals both acutely and chronically (Drzyzga, 2003). Human health is constantly at risk due to soil pollution with DPA or its derivatives, especially if these chemicals end up in surface and subsurface waters (Blotevogel & Gorontzy, 2000; Gorontzy et al, 1994; Haas et al, 1990). DPA has been shown to be cytotoxic, genotoxic, clastogenic, mutagenic, and acutely toxic when consumed orally, administered intravenously, and when its metabolism and toxicokinetics are involved (Babish et al, 1983; Dolara et al, 1993; El‐Borm, 2021; Litton Bionetics, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron overload induced by diphenylamine triggers reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in the spleen of pregnant rats and their fetuses

et al. 2023

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Diphenylamine (DPA) is an aniline derivative, used widely as an industrial antioxidant, dye mordant, and agricultural fungicide. DPA was reported as hazardous to mammals both acutely and chronically, however little is known about the toxicity of DPA and its derivatives during pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate and explain the possible mechanism of toxicity induced by DPA on blood and spleen, as a fundamental hematopoietic target organ, in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Pregnant rats were orally administrated distilled water, corn oil, and/or DPA (400 mg/kg b.wt) from the 5th to 19th day of gestation. DPA-induced spleen toxicity was mirrored by significant upregulation of programmed death-1 (PD-1) protein expression and an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells and a decrease in their proliferating capacity. These results have been confirmed through marked G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest that was observed by flow cytometric analysis of spleen cells. Moreover, the contents of reactive oxygen species and iron in the spleen tissue were significantly higher than that of the control group. DPA resulted in severe anemia, decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in addition to significant changes in differential leukocytic count of both mothers and fetuses. Evidently, DPA triggered serious pathological changes in the spleen tissue of both mothers and fetuses and the histochemical examination revealed a significant increase in iron expression. In conclusion, these results implicate the hemato-and splenotoxicity of DPA and the possible role of oxidative stress and apoptosis in DPA-induced toxicity in the spleen of pregnant rats and their fetuses. This in-turn suggests the urgent need to reduce exposure to DPA as possible as it can.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron overload induced by diphenylamine triggers reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in the spleen of pregnant rats and their fetuses

et al. 2023

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“…When exposed to the environment, 2,4-DNT, like 2,4,6trinitrotoluene (TNT) does not mineralize either aerobically or anaerobically, but can be transformed to mono or diamino derivatives. 2,4-DNT and its amino derivatives frequently cooccur with the relatively stable transformation products of the reductive (bio)transformation pathway of TNT, such as 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) in soil contaminated with nitroaromatic EMs [6][7][8][9][10]. This has prevented investigators from partitioning the effects of the parent materials and their transformation products on soil microorganisms [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of soil microbial activity by nitrogen‐based energetic materials

Kuperman¹,

Minyard

Checkai³

et al. 2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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We investigated individual toxicities of the nitrogen-based energetic materials (EMs) 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT); 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT); 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT); and nitroglycerin (NG) on microbial activity in Sassafras sandy loam (SSL) soil, which has physicochemical characteristics that support very high qualitative relative bioavailability for organic chemicals. Batches of SSL soil for basal respiration (BR) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) assays were separately amended with individual EMs or acetone carrier control. Total microbial biomass carbon (biomass C) was determined from CO production increases after addition of 2500 mg/kg of glucose-water slurry to the soil. Exposure concentrations of each EM in soil were determined using US Environmental Protection Agency method 8330A. Basal respiration was the most sensitive endpoint for assessing the effects of nitroaromatic EMs on microbial activity in SSL, whereas SIR and biomass C were more sensitive endpoints for assessing the effects of NG in soil. The orders of toxicity (from greatest to least) were 4-ADNT > 2,4-DNT = 2-ADNT > NG for BR; but for SIR and biomass C, the order of toxicity was NG > 2,4-DNT > 2-ADNT = 4-ADNT. No inhibition of SIR was found up to and including the greatest concentration of each ADNT tested in SSL. These ecotoxicological data will be helpful in identifying concentrations of contaminant EMs in soil that present acceptable ecological risks for biologically mediated processes in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2981-2990. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

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“…1c These properties provided great application potential in display technology. However, the nitro group is not stable and decomposes thermally, 2 photochemically, 3 and even by microbial action, 4 which greatly limits the application of these materials in the display industry. Fluorine substituents (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%