Microbial degradation of dyes: An overview

Abstract

Industrialization increases use of dyes due to its high demand in paper, cosmetic, textile, leather and food industries. This in turn would increase wastewater generation from dye industrial activities. Various dyes and its structural compounds present in dye industrial wastewater have harmful effects on plants, animals and humans. Synthetic dyes are more resistant than natural dyes to physical and chemical methods for remediation which makes them more difficult to get decolorize. Microbial degradation has been researched and reviewed largely for quicker dye degradation. Genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) play important role in achieving complete dye degradation. This paper provides scientific and technical information about dyes & dye intermediates and biodegradation of azo dye. It also compiles information about factors affecting dye(s) biodegradation, role of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in process of dye(s) degradation and perspectives in this field of research.

Microbes as remediating agents in detoxification of dyes

“…Microbes play significant role in the field of bioremediation and may be very fruitful in saving environment from the different types of pollution. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Many publications of authors have also valuable information in the field of microbial bioremediation. [5][6][7][8][9] Use of microbes in the treatment of dyes is bright research area of the green chemistry sector because it neither requires any drastic conditions nor produces any toxic pollutants or toxic by-products.…”

“…Consortium of these three isolates showed 87% decolorization for Reactive Black 5 while 85% decolorization for Reactive Red 152. 15 Varjani et al, 16 nicely reviewed about the techniques that have been used for solving the problems of dyes pollution. Roy et al, 17 nicely discussed about the role of two bacterial strains in the treatment of malachite green.…”

Enhanced Reactive Blue 4 Biodegradation Performance of Newly Isolated white rot fungus Antrodia P5 by the Synergistic Effect of Herbal Extraction Residue

“…Synthetic reactive dyes are one of the most consumed chemicals in various industries such as textiles, leathers, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics (Varjani et al, 2020). It has been estimated that over 700,000 tons of dyes are produced globally every year (Katheresan et al, 2018).…”

Role of microorganisms in biodegradation of food additive Azo dyes: A review

“…E-mail: fmshehrei@uqu.edu.sa. The danger of these compounds is not due to the dye itself, but to intermediate products produced through biodegradation of the dyes (Varjani et al, 2020). Reduction of azo group (N=N linkage) leads to production of aromatic compounds which are more toxic and known for causing mutations and carcinogenic diseases (Puvaneswari et al, 2006;Alabdraba and Bayati, 2014).…”

“…Non-biological factors such as temperature, pH, oxygen level and structure and concentration of dye help in biodegradation process (Ajaz et al, 2019;Varjani et al, 2020).…”