Microbial Degradation of Nicotinamide by a Strain Alcaligenes sp. P156

Abstract

A novel Alcaligenes sp. strain P156, which can utilize nicotinamide as its sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy, was enriched and isolated from soil in a solid waste treatment plant. Aerobic growth and degradation with nicotinamide were characterized. Seven nicotinamide degradation-related genes were obtained by sequence alignment from the genome sequence of strain P156. Four genes, designated naaA , naaD , naaE and naaF , were cloned and heterologously expressed. Nicotinamide degradation is initiated by deamination to form nicotinic acid catalyzed by the nicotinamidase NaaA, which shares highest amino acid sequence identity (27.2%) with nicotinamidase from Arabidopsis thaliana . Nicotinic acid is converted to 6-hydroxynicotinic acid, which is further oxidized to 2,5-dihydroxypyridine (2,5-DHP). 2,5-DHP is then transformed to a ring-cleavage product, N -formylmaleamic acid, by an Fe 2+ dependent dioxygenase NaaD. N -formylmaleamic acid is transformed to fumaric acid through maleamic acid and maleic acid by NaaE and NaaF, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the complete microbial degradation of nicotinamide in bacteria. Nicotinamide is considered as a model compound for the study of microbial degradation of pyridinic compounds, and the nicotinamide degrading related genes in strain P156 were distributed differently from the reported similar gene clusters. Therefore, this study contribute to the knowledge on the degradation of pyridinic compounds.

Sustainable Design of New Ionic Forms of Vitamin B3 and Their Utilization as Plant Protection Agents

“…However, the gathered data indicate that the possibility of bioaccumulation of the obtained derivatives of phenoxy acids ( 6 – 15 ) in the environment is also very lowtheir log K OW values are much lower and do not exceed the value of 2.3. Furthermore, it is also extremely beneficial that the utilized reactants (nicotinamide, 2,4-D, and MCPA) are known to be susceptible to biodegradation; however, depending on the various conditions, biodegradation may occur within a few days or even months. , …”

“…Furthermore, it is also extremely beneficial that the utilized reactants (nicotinamide, 2,4-D, and MCPA) are known to be susceptible to biodegradation; however, depending on the various conditions, biodegradation may occur within a few days or even months. 42,43 Volatility. The off-site movement of herbicides, occurring due to their volatilization after application, is known as the major issue that poses a serious risk of poisoning to living organisms and may also cause significant damage to nontolerant crops or other plants.…”

A simple, efficient and rapid screening technique for differentiating nitrile hydratase and nitrilase producing bacteria

“…Nitrile hydratase catalyzes the conversions of acrylonitrile to acrylamide [26], 3-cyanopyridine to nicotinamide [33], and phenylglycinonitrile to phenylglycinamide [34] and butyronitrile to butyramide [35]. Nitrilase are used in the industrial production of nicotinic acid [36], ( R )-(-)-mandelic acid [37], ( R )-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyric acid [38] and glycolic acid [39].…”

Isolation of a 3-hydroxypyridine degrading bacterium, Agrobacterium sp. DW-1, and its proposed degradation pathway

“…Microbial degradation of pyridine and its derivatives have been studied for decades, even though we have only deciphered the microbial degradation of a few compounds in the molecular mechanism level, including 2-hydroxypyridine, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, 2-picolinic acid and nicotine (Hu et al 2019; Jimenez et al 2008; Qiu et al 2019; Tang et al 2013; Vaitekūnas et al 2015; Yu et al 2015). All the reported pyridine derivatives were degraded through two central intermediate 2,5-dihydroxypyridine, such as nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, 2-picolinic acid and nicotine (Hu et al 2019; Jimenez et al 2008; Qiu et al 2019; Tang et al 2013), and 2,3,6-trihydroxypyridine, such as 2-hydroxypyridine and nicotine (Vaitekūnas et al 2015; Yu et al 2015). At least two hydroxyl groups are needed for the ring cleavage reaction; therefore, hydroxylation of pyridine ring is the most common mode of initial attach of pyridine derivatives during microbial degradation.…”