Microbial deterioration of gelatin emulsion photographs: Differences of susceptibility between black and white and colour materials

Lourenço, Miguel; Sampaio, José Paulo

doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.10.011

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Chromogenic photographic materials appear to be more susceptible to fungal colonization than B&W materials [18], and consequently, colour images are frequently more contaminated than B&W ones [4,89]. This is congruent with the well-established biocidal effect of metallic silver, which reacts with thiol groups in enzymes and proteins [99].…”

Section: Silver Salts and Fungal Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…albumen prints were also used [1]. A layer of barium sulphate (baryta paper, BaSO4) is placed between the gelatin and paper layers in order to increase the light reflection coefficient [18,19]. After the image is taken, image processing proceeds in the following order: printing in the darkroom; chemical development of the latent image using solutions that reduce silver halides in the presence of free silver atoms; immersion in the stop bath (undeveloped silver salts must be removed by fixing in ammonium thiosulphate); and thorough rinsing in water to remove the fixer [19].…”

Section: Composition Of Photographic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of fungal isolates on heritage collections of photographic materials and their biological potency

Kosel

Ropret

2021

Journal of Cultural Heritage

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Despite controlled relative humidity in archives and private collections, fungi are a widespread cause of biodeterioration of cinematographic films and historic photographs, which represent a significant cultural and historic loss to society. Photographic emulsions and coatings are organic and hygroscopic in nature and represent a good and easily accessible source of nutrients. Because archives hold whole stacks of these materials, they subsequently contain more fungi in comparison to other enclosed spaces. This in turn generates a need for a systematic microbiological evaluation of fungi isolated from photographic documents in order to pinpoint the potentially biodeteriorative fungal species and increase awareness and control readiness when these species are encountered.With this aim, we have decided to collect data regarding fungal isolates and their biological potency from the following originating materials: gelatin cellulose triacetate or cellulose nitrate films, albumen or gelatin paper photographs, cellulose nitrate negative films, gelatin glass plate negatives and positive paper prints. In addition, the most efficient biotic degraders of gelatin binder are presented and the degradation of cellulose based supports as well as the occurring microbial interactions and the impact of inhibitory silver salts are reviewed. Lastly, based on the origins of fungal contamination and the occurrence of fungi related to allergenic and toxicogenic diseases, prevention and control measures are suggested.

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Section: Silver Salts and Fungal Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Composition Of Photographic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of fungal isolates on heritage collections of photographic materials and their biological potency

Kosel

Ropret

2021

Journal of Cultural Heritage

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“…A different carrier, namely polyester (most commonly PET), has been used to address the problems of vinegar syndrome, and polyester is also less biologically susceptible than cellulose acetate [23]. This is because polyester has good strength and flexibility and does not need to be plasticised with additives, which usually act as substrates for microorganisms [26]. Therefore, polyester is perceived as less susceptible to degradation than cellulose acetate, and lower diversity was expected.…”

Section: Fungal Diversity On Audio-visual Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Influencing the Fungal Diversity on Audio–Visual Materials

et al. 2021

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The biodeterioration of audio–visual materials is a huge problem, as it can cause incalculable losses. To preserve these cultural heritage objects for future generations, it is necessary to determine the main agents of biodeterioration. This study focuses on identifying fungi, both from the air and smears from photographs and cinematographic films that differ in the type of carrier and binder, using high-throughput sequencing approaches. The alpha diversity measures of communities present on all types of carriers were compared, and a significant difference between cellulose acetate and baryta paper was observed. Next, the locality, type of carrier, and audio–visual material seem to affect the structure of fungal communities. Additionally, a link between the occurrence of the most abundant classes and species on audio–visual materials and air contamination in the archives was proven. In both cases, the most abundant classes were Agariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes, and approximately half of the 50 most abundant species detected on the audio–visual materials and in the air were identical.

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“…Studies of microbiome diversity in contaminated photographic or cinematographic materials are also scarce for the cultivation-based approach and, if performed, they cover only a limited number of samples (up to 16 samples [28]). These studies include, for example, research on microbial contamination in cinematographic collections in Spain [28], Portugal [29], Italy [30,31] or Cuba [9], or research on albumen photographs in Slovakia [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Contamination of Photographic and Cinematographic Materials in Archival Funds in the Czech Republic

et al. 2022

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In this study we investigated the microbial contamination of 126 samples of photographic and cinematographic materials from 10 archival funds in the Czech Republic. Microorganisms were isolated from the light-sensitive layer by swabbing it with a polyurethane sponge. Microbial isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS (bacteria) or by phenotype testing and microscopy (fungi). Bacterial contamination was more abundant and more diverse than fungal contamination, and both were significantly associated with archives. The most frequently isolated fungal genera were Cladosporium, Eurotium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Alternaria. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Gram-positive genera such as Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Kocuria, Streptococcus and Bacillus. This bacterial and fungal diversity suggests that air is the main vehicle of contamination. We also analysed the impact of the type of material used for the carrier (paper, baryta paper, cellulose acetate and nitrate or glass) or the light-sensitive layer (albumen, gelatine, collodion and other) on the level and diversity of microbial contamination. Carriers such as polyester and cellulose nitrate may have a negative impact on bacterial contamination, while paper and baryta paper may have a partially positive impact on both fungal and bacterial contamination.

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Microbial deterioration of gelatin emulsion photographs: Differences of susceptibility between black and white and colour materials

Cited by 28 publications

References 14 publications

Overview of fungal isolates on heritage collections of photographic materials and their biological potency

Overview of fungal isolates on heritage collections of photographic materials and their biological potency

Factors Influencing the Fungal Diversity on Audio–Visual Materials

Microbial Contamination of Photographic and Cinematographic Materials in Archival Funds in the Czech Republic

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