Microbial Diversity and Adaptation under Salt-Affected Soils: A Review

Abstract

The salinization of soil is responsible for the reduction in the growth and development of plants. As the global population increases day by day, there is a decrease in the cultivation of farmland due to the salinization of soil, which threatens food security. Salt-affected soils occur all over the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The total area of global salt-affected soil is 1 billion ha, and in India, an area of nearly 6.74 million ha−1 is salt-stressed, out of which 2.95 million ha−1 are saline soil (including coastal) and 3.78 million ha−1 are alkali soil. The rectification and management of salt-stressed soils require specific approaches for sustainable crop production. Remediating salt-affected soil by chemical, physical and biological methods with available resources is recommended for agricultural purposes. Bioremediation is an eco-friendly approach compared to chemical and physical methods. The role of microorganisms has been documented by many workers for the bioremediation of such problematic soils. Halophilic Bacteria, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Cyanobacteria, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and microbial inoculation have been found to be effective for plant growth promotion under salt-stress conditions. The microbial mediated approaches can be adopted for the mitigation of salt-affected soil and help increase crop productivity. A microbial product consisting of beneficial halophiles maintains and enhances the soil health and the yield of the crop in salt-affected soil. This review will focus on the remediation of salt-affected soil by using microorganisms and their mechanisms in the soil and interaction with the plants.

Hydrolysis of ionic liquid–treated substrate with an Iocasia fonsfrigidae strain SP3-1 endoglucanase

“…Ionic liquids are often used as a pretreatment or solution base for breaking down cellulosic feedstock and reducing complex carbohydrates (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose) to simpler sugars (Kumar et al 2021 ; Kuntapa et al 2021 ; Shukla et al 2023 ). Generally, enzymes exhibit reduced efficiency under high salt conditions (Albarracín et al 2011 ; Sinha and Datta 2016 ; Kumawat et al 2022 ). The discovery and characterization of IfCelS12A offer an option for enhancing enzyme-mediated cellulosic substrate deconstruction under hypersaline conditions.…”

Application of biochar and sulfur-modified biochar in a saline-sodic and calcareous soil: Effects on soil water content, soil biochemical properties and millet (Panicum miliaceum) yield

“…Since the soil of this study is calcareous and de cient in phosphorus (Table 2), sun ower biochar especially sulfur-modi ed biochar by decreases soil pH, and the phosphorus content it's have enhanced plant phosphors and followed promoted plant yield (Table 4). In saline and sodic soils with high salt concentrations, the presence of toxic ions such as sodium and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microbial biomass reduces the microbial and enzymatic activities of the soil (Kumawat et al 2022). Strengthening oxidoreductase activities such as catalase and dehydrogenase can protect the microbial community from ROS compounds and by improved the activity of other enzymes such as urease and phosphatase can help to provide nutrients and plant growth (Zandi and Schnug 2022).…”

Growth and production of three wetland rice varieties on saline leached land with microbial consortium application

“…The capacity of saline-tolerant plants make changes in gene expression patterns and changes in protein synthesis both qualitatively and quantitatively [19]. From other study explained plant strategies to survive in saline conditions by producing osmolytes, antioxidant enzymes, and growth hormones [20].…”

“…These rhizoplane, rhizosphere, and endophytic bacteria with diverse mechanisms such as abnormal osmotic responses, providing hormones and nutrient uptake, act as bioindicator agents and inducing plant genetic. Beneficial microbes can grow in saline conditions by reducing electrical conductivity, helping to fix N, dissolve P and K, and produce hormones that help of the plant growth process [4], organic matter decomposition [20]. Microbes that can adapt to saline land include halophilic bacteria such as Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Streptomyces, Rhizobium, Serratia, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Thiobacillus, Clostridium, and Azotobacter [20][21][22][23].…”