Microbial diversity associated with tetrodotoxin production in marine organisms

Bacterial diversity and tetrodotoxin analysis in the viscera of the gastropods from Portuguese coast

“…To date, more than 23 bacterial genera have been able to produce TTX. Among these, Vibrio was the most common genera associated with TTX production (Chau et al, 2011;Pratheepa and Vasconcelos, 2013;Salvitti et al, 2015).…”

“…TTX is a non-protein small molecule with a low molecular weight (319 gmol -1 ), which blocks the voltage gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in the nerve cell membrane. It is widely distributed in phylogenetically different marine and terrestrial organism from 14 different phyla (Chau et al, 2011;Pratheepa and Vasconcelos, 2013). The wide distribution of TTX among the genetically diverse animals, showing regional, seasonal and individual variability in toxin analogues and the concentrations makes the origin of TTX as one of the controversial topics.…”

Production level of tetrodotoxin in Aeromonas is associated with the copy number of a plasmid

“…Thereafter, more and more TTX-producing bacterial strains were isolated from numerous organisms and deep-sea sediments. These bacteria included Acinetobacter sp., Aeromonas sp., Alteromonas sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus horikoshii, Cellulomonas fimi, Kytococcus sedentarius, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Marinomonas sp., Microbacterium arabinogalactanolyticum, Nocardiopsis dassonvillei, Plesiomonas sp., Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis tetraodonis, Pseudomonas sp., Raoultella terrigena, Roseobacter sp., Serratia marcescens, Shewanella sp., Tenacibaculum sp., Vibrio alginolyticus and V. fischeri Narita et al, 1987;Sugita et al, 1987;Hwang et al, 1989;Do et al, 1990;Cheng et al, 1995;Ritchie et al, 2000;Lee et al, 2000;Wu et al, 2005;Wang et al, 2008Lu and Yi, 2009;Bragadeeswaran et al, 2010;Yang et al, 2010;Yu et al, 2004Yu et al, , 2011Pratheepa and Vasconcelos, 2013;Magarlamov et al, 2014). Even now there remains much debate in the literature about whether bacteria are truly the source of TTX in animals (Chau et al, 2011), although the bacterial origin of TTX in TTX-bearing pufferfish has been accepted (Noguchi et al, 2006).…”

Tetrodotoxin concentrations within a clutch and across embryonic development in eggs of the rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa)

“…For example, small quantities of TTX are produced by multiple species of marine bacteria including Alteromonas, Lysinibacillus, and Vibrio (Lee et al, 2000;Pratheepa and Vasconcelos, 2013;Simidu et al, 1987;Wang et al, 2010). In eukaryotes, TTX has been identified in tissues from marine organisms including dinoflagellates, flatworms, a sea slug, crabs, a starfish, and an octopus (Chau et al, 2011;Simidu et al, 1987).…”