Economic petroleum accumulations result from the migration in the lithosphere of hydrocarbons formed by the maturation of kerogen. This is a long-term process mainly controlled by temperature and pressure conditions that depend on the geological evolution of the hosting sedimentary basin.Cultural and molecular approaches both reveal that petroleum reservoirs are inhabited by a wide range of mesophilic and thermophilic/hyperthermophilic anaerobic microorganisms able to ferment or oxidize their substrates. Among them sulfatereducing prokaryotes and methanoarchaea are recognized as important contributors to the geomicrobiology of these ecosystems because of their hydrogenotrophic and/or acetoclastic nature. Some of them together with members of the Thermotogales, and other fermentative prokaryotes are considered as indigenous to oil reservoirs. Taking into account the high microbial metabolic diversity existing in oil reservoirs, we may expect the activity of many of these oilfield microorganisms to be of interest in enhancing oil recovery in the next future.
Petroleum formationPetroleum is a general term for a mixture of hydrocarbons that exist naturally on Earth in gaseous (natural gas), liquid (crude oil) and solid (asphalt) states and are characterized by density lower than that of water [1]. Typical compounds of petroleum contain carbon and hydrogen (C H ) with small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.Petroleum occurs generally in sedimentary rocks formed under marine or terrestrial environments and buried in the external envelop of the lithosphere ( Fig. 8.1 (a)). Its complex nature is evidenced by the high numbers (> 1000) of hydrocarbon species that have been identified since petroleum exploitation started in the 19 ℎ century [2]. Under natural conditions, petroleum gas is composed by saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) with one to three carbon atoms. Petroleum oil is a complex mixture of alkanes with more than four carbon atoms, such as paraffin, cyclo-alkanes and aromatics [3]. Sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen can be present in oil within complex organic molecules such as resins and asphalts. The presence of biomarkers in petroleum (e.g. elements of chlorophyll or cellulose for example) demonstrated the organic origin of oil and gas despite ancient but famous inorganic theories by Porfir'ev [4] and Gold and Soter [5]. Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 8/25/15 7:03 AM Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 8/25/15 7:03 AM 8.2 Petroleum formation | 163Petroleum formation can be considered as a set of physico-chemico-biological processes within the general organic carbon cycle on Earth, from life, built with elementary chemical components (C,H,O,N), to the production of organic matter and its ultimate decomposition into chemical elements taken by life, thus looping the cycle [6]. This cycle operates in the external Earth envelops, under the influence of solar and earth mantel energy, and can be separated in several interacting subcycles wit...