“…The bioavailability and mobilization of As are significantly enhanced in flooded paddy soils (Lee, Huang, Syu, Lin, & Lee, 2014), leading to the feasible uptake of As by rice plants and hence its accumulation in grains (Manikandan et al, 2019; Williams, Raab, Feldmann, & Meharg, 2007). In addition, contaminated rice consumption is deemed to the main As exposure route (Xue et al, 2020), posing a great risk to human health. It's urgent necessary to alleviate As toxicity and reduce As availability in contaminated soils which, specifically, including the transformation of chemical speciation (Cui, Wu, Jiang, Liu, & Xue, 2019; Zhang, Yin, Du, Cai, & Cui, 2016).…”