Microbial Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Adult Population of 4 Municipalities in Eastern Finland

Jokinen, C; Heiskanen, Leena; Juvonen, Helvi; Kallinen, Sakari; Kleemola, Marjaana; Koskela, Markku; Leinonen, Maija; Rönnberg, Pirjo-Riitta; Saikku, Pekka; Stén, Marja; Tarkiainen, Airi; Tukiainen, H; Pyörälà, Kalevi; Mäkelä, P. Helena

doi:10.1086/319746

Cited by 141 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The results of this study also support the high incidence of CAP caused by atypical pathogens reported by other investigators (12)(13)(14). In our cohort, evidence of acute infection with an atypical organism was found in 20% of patients with CAP and in Ͼ40% of the cases with an etiologic diagnosis.…”

supporting

confidence: 92%

Serum Concentrations of Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein as a Biochemical Marker to Differentiate Microbial Etiology in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Masiá

Gutiérrez²,

Llorca

et al. 2004

Clinical Chemistry

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supporting

confidence: 92%

Serum Concentrations of Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein as a Biochemical Marker to Differentiate Microbial Etiology in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Masiá

Gutiérrez²,

Llorca

et al. 2004

Clinical Chemistry

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“…These include S. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, H. infl uenzae, Chlamydia species, Legionella species, Staphylococcus aureus, and respiratory viruses (infl uenza, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], adenovirus, parainfl uenza) (6,23,24). In this study, only 6% of hospital admissions had a specifi c pathogen identifi ed in the primary diagnostic code.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Hospital Admissions for Pneumonia, England

Trotter

Stuart²,

George³

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

252

178

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Pneumonia is an important cause of illness and death in England. To describe trends in pneumonia hospitalizations, we extracted information on all episodes of pneumonia that occurred from April 1997 through March 2005 recorded in the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) database by searching for International Classifi cation of Diseases 10th revision codes J12-J18 in any diagnostic fi eld. The age-standardized incidence of hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of pneumonia increased by 34% from 1.48 to 1.98 per 1,000 population between 1997-98 and 2004-05. The increase was more marked in older adults, in whom the mortality rate was also highest. The proportion of patients with recorded coexisting conditions (defi ned by using the Charlson Comorbidity Index score) increased over the study period. The rise in pneumonia hospital admissions was not fully explained by demographic change or increasing coexisting conditions. It may be attributable to other population factors, changes in HES coding, changes to health service organization, other biologic phenomenon, or a combination of these effects.

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“…Legionella organisms may vary in importance in different countries [46,62], although this is not shown clearly from prospective studies, partly because of the infrequency of studies from countries where the organism is thought to be uncommon and by other studies in what might be local "hot spots" for legionella infection which may not represent the country as a whole [47,48,67]. There is a perception that the Legionella organism is more important in Mediterranean countries [62], and is uncommon in Northern European countries, other than in travellers from these areas or in the context of a local source of infection.…”

Section: Causative Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…burnetii is a rare cause of CAP. There does appear to be geographic variation in frequency, with the organism virtually absent in some parts of Scandinavia [46], but second only to S. pneumoniae as a cause in e.g. North West Spain [68].…”

Section: Causative Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: causative pathogens and resistance patterns

Woodhead¹

2002

Eur Respir J

183

117

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Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common condition affecting about 1/1,000 of the adult population per year. It occurs when bacteria enter the alveolar spaces of the lung initiating an inflammatory response which leads to the clinical features of cough, sputum production, breathlessness and sometimes chest pain and haemoptysis.At the end of the last century the causal relationship between bacteria and pneumonia was established and many of the early discoveries about the causes of CAP were made in Europe. Some 41 different prospective studies have established that ∼10 different microbial pathogens regularly cause CAP with occasional cases due to other rarer causes. The frequency of these organisms in Europe is similar in most countries, but there are some geographic differences. Differences in frequency are also apparent according to illness severity. It is generally recognised thatStreptococcus pneumoniaeis the most important causal bacterium in all countries.A relatively recent development has been the appearance and spread, in some of the common causative bacteria, of resistance to commonly used antibiotics to which they were once sensitive. The frequency of such resistance does vary markedly between European countries.However, published data is often difficult to interpret. The reasons for this are that the frequency of resistance varies according to the age of the patient, the site of the sample, the clinical diagnosis, the use of prior antibiotics and the influence of special groupse.g.those with cystic fibrosis. The impact ofin vitroantibiotic resistance on clinical outcome is still poorly understood, but recent studies are helping to clarify this issue and will be discussed.

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Microbial Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Adult Population of 4 Municipalities in Eastern Finland

Cited by 141 publications

References 53 publications

Serum Concentrations of Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein as a Biochemical Marker to Differentiate Microbial Etiology in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Serum Concentrations of Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein as a Biochemical Marker to Differentiate Microbial Etiology in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Increasing Hospital Admissions for Pneumonia, England

Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: causative pathogens and resistance patterns

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