“…The flow of electrons can transfer both energy and information between living and non-living systems for bioelectronic and biosensing applications. Extracellular electron transfer (EET) pathways (Shi et al, 2016) can electrically connect living microorganisms with electrochemical cells, enabling applications such as power generation in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) (Gul and Ahmad, 2019; Logan, 2009; Santoro et al, 2017; Slate et al, 2019) and environmental sensing in bioelectronic sensing systems (Chouler et al, 2018; Wang et al, 2013; Zhou et al, 2017). Engineering EET in native electroactive microorganisms, such as Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (Cheng et al, 2020; Min et al, 2017; West et al, 2017), and non-native hosts, such as Escherichia coli (Jensen et al, 2016; Sturm-Richter et al, 2015), has expanded the range of potential applications (Harris et al, 2017; Su and Ajo-Franklin, 2019).…”