Microbial Polysaccharide Structures

Holst, Otto; Müller‐Loennies, Sven

doi:10.1016/b978-044451967-2/00004-0

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 518 publications

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“…Differentially stained SDS-PAGE gel profiles show results consistent with published gel images specific to LPS of the particular E. coli strain (0111:B4) (50)(51)(52)(53) represented by the E. coli standard, and more generally with data reported in the scientific literature for LPS from various other bacteria (24,28,30,31,37,(78)(79)(80). Common features for E. coli and G. obscuriglobus LPS include the presence of multiple oligosaccharide sugar moieties that differ in composition between the two species, inferred from band laddering and glycosylation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…A related bacterium within the Chlamydiaceae has been found to carry the most truncated LPS structure reported. The SDS-PAGE gel bands of very low MW, which are visible only in the lipid A preparations of both species, are characteristic of the presence of lipid A (24,28,30,31,37,78). This major component may be most visible in the lipid A gel lanes, because it represents lipid A that is released from LPS by hydrolysis and subsequently enriched.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GC-MS analyses of G. obscuriglobus LPS revealed three Kdo (35,38,78) peaks. The identification of Kdo in G. obscuriglobus is a finding of note, because all LPS described to date contains either Kdo or Ko (26,34,82), although Kdo is known to occur in other cell polymers (83).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global and Targeted Lipid Analysis of Gemmata obscuriglobus Reveals the Presence of Lipopolysaccharide, a Signature of the Classical Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

et al. 2016

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Planctomycete bacteria possess many unusual cellular properties, contributing to a cell plan long considered to be unique among the bacteria. However, data from recent studies are more consistent with a modified Gram-negative cell plan. A key feature of the Gram-negative plan is the presence of an outer membrane (OM), for which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a signature molecule. Despite genomic evidence for an OM in planctomycetes, no biochemical verification has been reported. We attempted to detect and characterize LPS in the planctomycete Gemmata obscuriglobus. We obtained direct evidence for LPS and lipid A using electrophoresis and differential staining. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) compositional analysis of LPS extracts identified eight different 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-HOFAs), 2-keto 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), glucosamine, and hexose and heptose sugars, a chemical profile unique to Gram-negative LPS. Combined with molecular/structural information collected from matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS analysis of putative intact lipid A, these data led us to propose a heterogeneous hexa-acylated lipid A structure (multiple-lipid A species). We also confirmed previous reports of G. obscuriglobus whole-cell fatty acid (FA) and sterol compositions and detected a novel polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). Our confirmation of LPS, and by implication an OM, in G. obscuriglobus raises the possibility that other planctomycetes possess an OM. The pursuit of this question, together with studies of the structural connections between planctomycete LPS and peptidoglycans, will shed more light on what appears to be a planctomycete variation on the Gram-negative cell plan. IMPORTANCEBacterial species are classified as Gram positive or negative based on their cell envelope structure. For 25 years, the envelope of planctomycete bacteria has been considered a unique exception, as it lacks peptidoglycan and an outer membrane (OM). However, the very recent detection of peptidoglycan in planctomycete species has provided evidence for a more conventional cell wall and raised questions about other elements of the cell envelope. Here, we report direct evidence of lipopolysaccharide in the planctomycete G. obscuriglobus, suggesting the presence of an OM and supporting the proposal that the planctomycete cell envelope is an extension of the canonical Gram-negative plan. This interpretation features a convoluted cytoplasmic membrane and expanded periplasmic space, the functions of which provide an intriguing avenue for future investigation.T he planctomycete bacterium Gemmata obscuriglobus (1) is of considerable interest to the fields of cell and evolutionary biology due to its uncommon cellular features and evolutionary placement within the Bacteria (2-5). G. obscuriglobus possesses an extensive endomembrane system (6) with superficial eukaryotelike properties, including the presence of membrane coat-like (MC-like) proteins (7), large quantities of sterols (8, 9), a propos...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global and Targeted Lipid Analysis of Gemmata obscuriglobus Reveals the Presence of Lipopolysaccharide, a Signature of the Classical Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

et al. 2016

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“…1A). Whereas the O-PS is structurally heterogeneous, with more than 180 reported E. coli serotypes (5), the core region is composed of a more conserved structure commonly divided into the inner Kdoheptose and outer hexose regions (6).…”

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confidence: 99%

Antibody WN1 222-5 mimics Toll-like receptor 4 binding in the recognition of LPS

Gomery

Müller‐Loennies

Brooks

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Escherichia coli infections, a leading cause of septic shock, remain a major threat to human health because of the fatal action to endotoxin (LPS). Therapeutic attempts to neutralize endotoxin currently focus on inhibiting the interaction of the toxic component lipid A with myeloid differentiating factor 2, which forms a trimeric complex together with Toll-like receptor 4 to induce immune cell activation. The 1.73-Å resolution structure of the unique endotoxin-neutralizing protective antibody WN1 222-5 in complex with the core region shows that it recognizes LPS of all E. coli serovars in a manner similar to Toll-like receptor 4, revealing that protection can be achieved by targeting the inner core of LPS and that recognition of lipid A is not required. Such interference with Tolllike receptor complex formation opens new paths for antibody sepsis therapy independent of lipid A antagonists.

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“…1) LPSs and LOSs are the first line of defense for bacteria against a range of environmental factors, including detergents and antimicrobial agents, 2,3) and also play an important role in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. Structurally, an LPS consists of a lipid A, a core oligosaccharide (core OS), and an O-antigen polysaccharide, whereas LOS which is limited to 10 saccharide units lacks an O-antigen polysaccharide.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent synthesis of 4,5-branched inner-core oligosaccharides of lipopoly- and lipooligosaccharides

Narimoto

Nozoe

et al. 2015

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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The convergent synthesis of branched inner-core oligosaccharides of lipopoly- and lipooligosaccharide with a 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) disaccharide acceptor was achieved. The l-glycero-d-manno-heptopyranose (Hep) units for the branched core oligosaccharide Galβ(1-4)Glcβ(1-4)Hep and Hepα(1-3)Hep were prepared from the corresponding Hep building blocks. To obtain 4,5-branched core oligosaccharide structures, the common acceptor Kdoα(2-4)Kdo was glycosylated with the Hep units.

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Microbial Polysaccharide Structures

Cited by 20 publications

References 518 publications

Global and Targeted Lipid Analysis of Gemmata obscuriglobus Reveals the Presence of Lipopolysaccharide, a Signature of the Classical Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

Global and Targeted Lipid Analysis of Gemmata obscuriglobus Reveals the Presence of Lipopolysaccharide, a Signature of the Classical Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

Antibody WN1 222-5 mimics Toll-like receptor 4 binding in the recognition of LPS

Convergent synthesis of 4,5-branched inner-core oligosaccharides of lipopoly- and lipooligosaccharides

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