Limonene
is an important plant natural product widely used in food
and cosmetics production as well as in the pharmaceutical and chemical
industries. However, low efficiency of plant extraction and high energy
consumption in chemical synthesis limit the sustainability of industrial
limonene production. Recently, the advancement of metabolic engineering
and synthetic biology has facilitated the engineering of microbes
into microbial cell factories for producing limonene. However, the
deleterious effects on cellular activity by the toxicity of limonene
is the major obstacle in achieving high-titer production of limonene
in engineered microbes. In this study, by using transcriptomics, we
identified 82 genes from the nonconventional yeast Yarrowia
lipolytica that were up-regulated when exposed to limonene.
When overexpressed, 8 of the gene candidates improved tolerance of
this yeast to exogenously added limonene. To determine whether overexpression
of these genes could also improve limonene production, we individually
coexpressed the tolerance-enhancing genes with a limonene synthase
gene. Indeed, expression of 5 of the 8 candidate genes enhanced limonene
production in Y. lipolytica. Particularly, overexpressing
YALI0F19492p led to an 8-fold improvement in product titer. Furthermore,
through short-term adaptive laboratory evolution strategy, in combination
with morphological and cytoplasmic membrane integrity analysis, we
shed light on the underlying mechanism of limonene cytotoxicity to Y. lipolytica. This study demonstrated an effective
strategy for improving limonene tolerance of Y. lipolytica and limonene titer in the host strain through the combinatorial
use of tolerance engineering and evolutionary engineering.