Microbial production of lactic acid

Abstract

Lactic acid is an important commodity chemical having a wide range of applications. Microbial production effectively competes with chemical synthesis methods because biochemical synthesis permits the generation of either one of the two enantiomers with high optical purity at high yield and titer, a result which is particularly beneficial for the production of poly(lactic acid) polymers having specific properties. The commercial viability of microbial lactic acid production relies on utilization of inexpensive carbon substrates derived from agricultural or waste resources. Therefore, optimal lactic acid formation requires an understanding and engineering of both the competing pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism, as well as pathways leading to potential by-products which both affect product yield. Recent research leverages those biochemical pathways, while researchers also continue to seek strains with improved tolerance and ability to perform under desirable industrial conditions, for example, of pH and temperature.

Description of Trichococcus ilyis sp. nov. by combined physiological and in silico genome hybridization analyses

“…The main fermentation products of citrate were acetate and formate, whereas the main products of glucose fermentation were lactate, ethanol, acetate and formate. This product profile is typically observed in heterolactic fermenters (Eiteman & Ramalingam, 2015 flocculiformis (Scheff et al, 1984), T. pasteurii (Schink et al, 1984), T. collinsii (Liu et al, 2002), T. palustris (Zhilina et al, 1995), and T. patagoniensis (Pikuta et al, 2006). All these species can use a broad range of sugars and polyols for growth.…”

Fabrication of nanocomposites and hybrid materials using microbial biotemplates

“…On the other hand, metabolites produced in microbial cell factories such as small Fig. 4 Two approaches to creating synthetic microbes: (1) creating life de novo, creating an artificial cell at least needs to integrate three main components: containment, cellular processes, and information and (2) bioengineering approach, using a refined version of genetic engineering, designing, and inserting elements inside the cells to perform specialized functions molecule (e.g., ethanol [89], lactic acid [90,91], glycerol [92]), antibiotic [93] (e.g., penicillin), pigment [94], protein [95] and glycoprotein [96], polysaccharide (e.g., hyaluronic acid [97], bacterial cellulose [98]), and even virus-like particles (as vaccine) [99] have been widely used in the production and life of human beings (Fig. 6).…”

Advances in Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the Production of Industrially and Clinically Important Chemicals

“…Lactic acid bacteria, especially, Lactobacillus species, are often employed in lactic acid production. For large-scale lactic acid production, fermenting microorganisms with high acid tolerance, simple nutritional requirements and capability of growth at high cell density are pursued [27]. To this end, S. cerevisiae was engineered for lactic acid production by integrating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) gene into its genome [28,29].…”