Microbial quality and persistence of enteric pathogens in graywater from various household sources

Rose, Joan B.; Sun, Gwo Shing; Gerba, Charles P.; Sinclair, Nicholas

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(91)90096-9

Cited by 132 publications

(88 citation statements)

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“…have fully described the structure of a greywater treatment system incorporating a three stage RBC. Total N (mg l − 1 ) 3.6-17 6-21 40-74 0.6-11 Total P (mg l − 1 ) 0.1-> 49 0.1-> 101 68-74 0.6-> 68 a Bathroom: Almeida et al, 1999, Burrows et al, 1991, Christova-Boal et al, 1996, Laak, 1974, Ledin et al, 2006, Nolde, 1999, Rose et al, 1991, Siegrist et al, 1976and Surendran and Wheatley, 1998 Laundry: Almeida et al, 1999, Christova-Boal et al, 1996, Laak, 1974, Siegrist et al, 1976and Surendran and Wheatley, 1998 c Kitchen: Almeida et al, 1999, Günther, 2000, Laak, 1974, Siegrist et al, 1976and Surendran and Wheatley, 1998 Mixed: Palmquist and Hanaeus, 2005, Casanova et al, 2001, Gerba et al, 1995, Hypes, 1974, Santala et al, 1998, Rose et al, 1991and Jeppesen, 1993 Greywater treatment and reuse offers the potential to substantially reduce domestic potable water demand, but care must be taken to ensure this is achieved without detriment to public health and the environment. To date, most studies investigating greywater reuse and associated risks have focussed on conventional water quality monitoring parameters such as those in Table 1 (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems

Donner¹,

Eriksson²,

Revitt³

et al. 2010

Science of The Total Environment

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A wide range of household sources may potentially contribute to contaminant loads in domestic greywater. The ability of greywater treatment systems to act as emission control barriers for household micropollutants, thereby providing environmental benefits in addition to potable water savings, have not been fully explored. This paper investigates the sources, presence and potential fate of a selection of xenobiotic micropollutants in on-site greywater treatment systems. All of the investigated compounds are listed under the European Water Framework Directive as either "Priority Substances" (PS) or "Priority Hazardous Substances" (PHS). Significant knowledge gaps are identified. A wide range of potential treatment trains are available for greywater treatment and reuse but treatment efficiency data for priority substances and other micropollutants is very limited. Geochemical modelling indicates that PS/PHS removal during treatment is likely to be predominantly due to sludge/solid phase adsorption, with only minor contributions to the water phase. Many PS/PHS are resistant to biodegradation and as the majority of automated greywater treatment plants periodically discharge sludge to the municipal sewerage system, greywater treatment is unlikely to act as a comprehensive PS/PHS emission barrier. Hence, it is important to ensure that other source control options (e.g. eco-labeling, substance substitution, and regulatory controls) for household items continue to be pursued, in order that PS/PHS emissions from these sources are effectively reduced and/or phased out as required under the demands of the European Water Framework Directive.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems

Donner¹,

Eriksson²,

Revitt³

et al. 2010

Science of The Total Environment

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show abstract

“…• Households with individuals who are carriers of infectious disease or who perform practices such as bathing babies and laundering diapers may be at greater risk for spreading the disease as a result of GW reuse (Rose et al 1991;Eriksson et al 2002;Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003;Friedler 2004;Gross et al 2005;Maimon et al 2010). …”

Section: Health Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Variations in personal/household-level behavior such as frequency of showering, laundering, use of personal care products and household chemicals, and the original quality of domestic water all impact household effluent quality and render it nearly impossible to expect a common GW effluent quality across households (Rose et al 1991;Casanova et al 2001;Eriksson et al 2002). Households of families with children, for example, are more likely to have higher levels of fecal coliforms (Rose et al 1991) and households improperly disposing of products containing compounds such as medications, household cleaning supplies, and heavy metals may expose individuals to endocrine disruptors if constituents are consumed (Eriksson et al 2002).…”

Section: Health Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Households of families with children, for example, are more likely to have higher levels of fecal coliforms (Rose et al 1991) and households improperly disposing of products containing compounds such as medications, household cleaning supplies, and heavy metals may expose individuals to endocrine disruptors if constituents are consumed (Eriksson et al 2002).…”

Section: Health Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Levels and types of GW contamination depend on the household source it originates from; using water from laundering clothes versus bathroom water, for example, may increase enteropathogenic disease burden by up to 1000-fold in some places (Rose et al 1991;Friedler 2004;O'Toole et al 2012;Barker et al 2013). …”

Section: Health Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Support for the use of treated gray water as an alternative water resource in the Middle East and North Africa is high, especially given the lack of religious restrictions against its use, but several obstacles have kept application of treated gray water near 1 % in some areas. The largest of obstacles include the cost of treatment and the ambiguity surrounding the health safety of gray water and treated gray water. This paper aims to provide an overview of current gray water practices globally, with specific focus on household-level gray water practices in the Middle East and North Africa region, and highlight the need for cost reduction strategies and epidemiological evidence on the use of household-level gray water and treated gray water. Such actions are likely to increase the application of treated gray water in water-deprived areas of the Middle East and North Africa.

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The current burden on fossil-derived chemicals and fuels combined with the rapidly increasing global population has led to a crucial need to develop renewable and sustainable sources of chemicals and biofuels. Photoautotrophic microorganisms, including cyanobacteria and microalgae, have garnered a great deal of attention for their capability to produce these chemicals from carbon dioxide, mineralized water, and solar energy. While there have been substantial amounts of research directed at scaling-up production from these microorganisms, several factors have proven difficult to overcome, including high costs associated with cultivation, photobioreactor construction, and artificial lighting. Decreasing these costs will substantially increase the economic feasibility of these production processes. Thus, the purpose of this review is to describe various photobioreactor designs, and then provide an overview on lighting systems, mixing, gas transfer, and the hydrodynamics of bubbles. These factors must be considered when the goal of a production process is economic feasibility. Targets for improving microalgae and cyanobacteria cultivation media, including water reduction strategies will also be described. As fossil fuel reserves continue to be depleted and the world population continues to increase, it is imperative that renewable chemical and biofuel production processes be developed toward becoming economically feasible. Thus, it is essential that future research is directed toward improving these processes. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:811-827, 2018.

show abstract

Microbial quality and persistence of enteric pathogens in graywater from various household sources

Cited by 132 publications

References 1 publication

Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems

Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems

Is Gray Water the Key to Unlocking Water for Resource-Poor Areas of the Middle East, North Africa, and Other Arid Regions of the World?

Photobioreactor cultivation strategies for microalgae and cyanobacteria

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