Heavy metals are widely spread and accumulated in soil due to various inappropriate human activities, because of which metal pollution in soil has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. In this chapter, various microbial remediation mechanisms to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils have been described. Microbial remediation, an emerging cost-effective, renewable, nonintrusive and aesthetically pleasing technology, uses the remarkable ability of microbes to remove and transform heavy metals from contaminated soils. The very limited understanding pertaining to heavy metal removal and transformation is hindering its effective application. Due to its great potential as a viable alternative to conventional contaminated soil remediation techniques, microbial remediation is currently being looked upon as an exciting area of basic and applied research.