Microbial Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite-Nanocellulose Nanocomposites from Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast Pellicle of Fermented Kombucha Tea

Abstract

The strong need for the utilization of industrial by-products and biowaste increases as we transition towards a circular economy. On these grounds, the present research aims to explore the applicability of the Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY), a by-product of a functional beverage industry, for applications in biomedicine. Herein, hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated SCOBY nanocellulose (SN) nanocomposite (SNHA) was synthesized via a novel biomimetic approach using Serratia marcescens strain by adopting two different in situ approaches. Characterization studies established the presence of functional groups corresponding to pure nanocellulose and HA. Microscopic analysis revealed SN fibers of the dimensions 30–50 nm surrounded by 10–15 nm rod-shaped HA crystals. The SNHA membranes were carbonated and harbored traces of metal ions. A deposition of nano-HA crystals as high as 30–50% was achieved. Overall, the synthesized SNHA membranes reflected increased stability, low crystalline nature and an ion-substituted structure resembling the natural bone; they are thereby suited for bone tissue engineering.

Biobased Composites of Poly(Lactic Acid) Melt Compounded with Bacterial and Vegetal Nanocelluloses Incorporated through Different Strategies

“…FESEM images collected in Figure 1F-I illustrate the morphology of the native and acetylated nanocelluloses obtained. In BNC and AcBNC images, the typical intertwisted bacterial cellulose nanoribbons with an average width of 40 ± 10 nm and several micrometers in length can be distinguished, in agreement with values reported in the literature [27,28]. Nanocelluloses derived from rice husks showed an average width of 27 ± 6 nm, also in accordance with previous reports [17,29].…”

“…All samples exhibit absorbances typical of cellulose, i.e., those found in the 3600-3000 cm −1 interval ascribed to the stretching vibration of -OH groups present in carbohydrates; bands found in the 3000-2800 cm −1 region attributed to the stretching of C-H linkages of methyl and methylene groups of cellulose; and other signals within the 1450-900 cm −1 range, commonly associated with the symmetrical bending of CH2 group, The FTIR spectra of native and acetylated bacterial and vegetal nanocelluloses are shown in Figure 3. All samples exhibit absorbances typical of cellulose, i.e., those found in the 3600-3000 cm −1 interval ascribed to the stretching vibration of -OH groups present in carbohydrates; bands found in the 3000-2800 cm −1 region attributed to the stretching of C-H linkages of methyl and methylene groups of cellulose; and other signals within the 1450-900 cm −1 range, commonly associated with the symmetrical bending of CH 2 group, cellulose C-O-C bridges, C-O stretching and other absorptions typical of β-linked glucose polymers [27,32,33]. In addition, both acetylated nanocelluloses FTIR spectra present signals characteristic of ester groups (e.g., stretching of C=O at 1735 cm −1 and stretching of C-O at 1248 cm −1 ), confirming the occurrence of the modification [34,35].…”

“…The FTIR spectra of native and acetylated bacterial and vegetal nanocelluloses are shown in Figure 3. All samples exhibit absorbances typical of cellulose, i.e., those found in the 3600-3000 cm −1 interval ascribed to the stretching vibration of -OH groups present in carbohydrates; bands found in the 3000-2800 cm −1 region attributed to the stretching of C-H linkages of methyl and methylene groups of cellulose; and other signals within the 1450-900 cm −1 range, commonly associated with the symmetrical bending of CH2 group, cellulose C-O-C bridges, C-O stretching and other absorptions typical of β-linked glucose polymers [27,32,33]. In addition, both acetylated nanocelluloses FTIR spectra present signals characteristic of ester groups (e.g., stretching of C=O at 1735 cm −1 and stretching of C-O at 1248 cm −1 ), confirming the occurrence of the modification [34,35].…”

Biomimetic ion substituted and Co-substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticle synthesis using Serratia Marcescens

“…Serratia marcescens was grown in 100 ml of nutrient broth medium in conical flask incubated at 30 °C for 15 h. Cells were collected by centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 15 min and washed with 0.85% NaCl. This cell suspension was added to a mineralization media consisting of 10 mM calcium chloride, 25 mM β -glycerophosphate disodium salt dihydrate, 20 mM trisodium citrate, and 25 mM tris buffer, with pH adjusted to 8.5 17 . After incubation of Serratia in mineralization medium for 10 days, the white precipitated material was collected and dried at 100 °C for 7 h.…”

Production of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass and its potential applications: A review

“…Komagataeibacter xylinus is a well-known bacterial species that produces cellulose using nitrogen and carbon to create dense and clear cellulose microfibrils (Paramasivan et al 2022). The cellulose extracted from microbes is unique possessing outstanding properties due to its nanostructure, purity, and good mechanical strength compared to the cellulose derived from plants (Klemm et al 2005).…”