Microbial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in aerobic soil columns

Bruns-Nagel, D.; Breitung, J.; Löw, Eberhard von; Steinbach, K; Gorontzy, Thomas; Kahl, M. W.; Blotevogel, Karl-Heinz; Gemsa, Diethard

doi:10.1128/aem.62.7.2651-2656.1996

Cited by 47 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In a related and concurrent study of TNT transformation by the aquatic plants M. spicatum and M. aquaticum, by the use of [ring-U- 14 C]TNT it was demonstrated that TNT mineralization did not take place [32]. After the complete disappearance of TNT from the medium, about half of the label remained in the medium in a soluble form and the balance was in the plant matrix, only made available by the oxidation of the plant material.…”

Section: Effect Of Initial Tnt Concentration On Phytotoxicity and Tntmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is noteworthy that only about half of the label recovered by plant oxidation was obtained by plant lyophilization and methanol extraction, thus providing evidence of sequestration (perhaps conjugation) of TNT and/or its transformation products with the plant matrix [32]. Transformation of [U-ring-14 C]TNT by M. aquaticum plants resulted in the accumulation of approximately 30% of the initially added 14 C-labeled TNT mass as products in the culture medium, and the remaining fraction was retained inside the plant matrix, mostly in the roots [33].…”

Section: Effect Of Initial Tnt Concentration On Phytotoxicity and Tntmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, soil excavation and incineration is the most common remediation technology, but it is energy intensive and costly [12]. As a result, less costly alternative technologies such as bioremediation have been tested [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transformaton of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by the Aquatic Plant Myriophyllum Spicatum

Pavlostathis¹,

Comstock²,

Jacobson³

et al. 1998

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-The ability of the aquatic plant Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) to transform 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was investigated in a series of batch assays. The TNT was added to plant cultures in single and multiple consecutive additions, at various initial concentrations, to determine its transformation kinetics, identify products formed, evaluate phytotoxic effects, and to determine the effect of light deprivation on the TNT transformation process. Rapid disappearance of TNT from the plant culture media was observed. The TNT disappearance rate was a function of both plant and TNT concentration (i.e., followed mixed, secondorder kinetics). The TNT transformation occurred only in the presence of plants and was inhibited by the addition of sodium azide. Phytotoxicity leading to plant chlorosis was observed in batch plant cultures with an initial TNT concentration above 5.9 M. Reductive transformation of TNT to aminodinitrotoluenes and lower levels of hydroxylaminodinitrotoluene and diaminonitrotoluenes detected in the plant culture media accounted for less than 10 to 20% of the total TNT mass added. Extraction of plant material at the end of batch incubations when all TNT was depleted from the media yielded low levels of TNT and aminodinitrotoluenes and accounted for only 3.4% of the initially added TNT mass. Light deprivation decreased both the rate and extent of the reductive transformation of TNT.

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Section: Effect Of Initial Tnt Concentration On Phytotoxicity and Tntmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Initial Tnt Concentration On Phytotoxicity and Tntmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transformaton of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by the Aquatic Plant Myriophyllum Spicatum

Pavlostathis¹,

Comstock²,

Jacobson³

et al. 1998

Environ Toxicol Chem

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“…It is also a priority pollutant listed by the US Environmental Protection Agency 26. 27 Traditional methods for the analysis of TNT include HPLC combined with various detection methods such as mass spectrometry 26. Additional methods include the quenching of fluorescence in conjugated polymer films,28–30 the detection of deflagration on a microcantilever31 and binding to engineered fluorescent proteins 32.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic Sensing of TNT with a Genetically Engineered Pore

et al. 2005

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Engineered versions of the transmembrane protein pore alpha-hemolysin (alphaHL) can be used as stochastic sensing elements for the identification and quantification of a wide variety of analytes at the single-molecule level. Until now, nitroaromatic analytes have eluded detection by this approach. We now report that binding sites for nitroaromatics can be built within the lumen of the alphaHL pore from simple rings of seven aromatic amino acid side chains (Phe, Tyr or Trp). By monitoring the ionic current that passes through a single pore at a fixed applied potential, various nitroaromatics can be distinguished from TNT on the basis of the amplitude and duration of individual current-blocking events. Rings of less than seven aromatics bind the analytes more weakly; this suggests that direct aromatic-aromatic interactions are involved. The engineered pores should be useful for the detection of explosives and, in combination with computational approaches and structural analysis, they could further our understanding of noncovalent interactions between aromatic molecules.

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“…26, 2007 1095 Fig. 1. Genotoxicity of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (A) and 3,5-dinitroaniline (B) in the umu test.…”

Section: Genotoxic Potential Of the Nitro Compounds On Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological characterization of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, its transformation products, and two nitramine explosives

Neuwoehner

Schofer

Erlenkaemper

et al. 2007

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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The soil and groundwater of former ordnance plants and their dumping sites have often been highly contaminated with the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT) leading to a potential hazard for humans and the environment. Further hazards can arise from metabolites of transformation, by-products of the manufacturing process, or incomplete combustion. This work examines the toxicity of polar nitro compounds relative to their parent compound 2,4,6-TNT using four different ecotoxicological bioassays (algae growth inhibition test, daphnids immobilization test, luminescence inhibition test, and cell growth inhibition test), three genotoxicological assays (umu test, NM2009 test, and SOS Chromotest), and the Ames fluctuation test for detection of mutagenicity. For this study, substances typical for certain steps of degradation/transformation of 2,4,6-TNT were chosen for investigation. This work determines that the parent compounds 2,4,6-TNT and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene are the most toxic substances followed by 3,5-dinitrophenol, 3,5-dinitroaniline and 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene. Less toxic are the direct degradation products of 2,4,6-TNT like 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene. A weak toxic potential was observed for 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene-5-sulfonic acid, and 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene. Octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro-l,3,5,7-tetrazocine and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine show no hint of acute toxicity. Based on the results of this study, we recommend expanding future monitoring programs of not only the parent substances but also potential metabolites based on conditions at the contaminated sites and to use bioassays as tools for estimating the toxicological potential directly by testing environmental samples. Site-specific protocols should be developed. If hazardous substances are found in relevant concentrations, action should be taken to prevent potential risks for humans and the environment. Analyses can then be used to prioritise reliable estimates of risk.

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Microbial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in aerobic soil columns

Cited by 47 publications

References 31 publications

Transformaton of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by the Aquatic Plant Myriophyllum Spicatum

Transformaton of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by the Aquatic Plant Myriophyllum Spicatum

Stochastic Sensing of TNT with a Genetically Engineered Pore

Toxicological characterization of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, its transformation products, and two nitramine explosives

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