Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Steel in Marine Environments: A Review from Mechanisms to Prevention

Abstract

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is a formidable challenge in the marine industry, resulting from intricate interactions among various biochemical reactions and microbial species. Many preventions used to mitigate biocorrosion fail due to ignorance of the MIC mechanisms. This review provides a summary of the current research on microbial corrosion in marine environments, including corrosive microbes and biocorrosion mechanisms. We also summarized current strategies for inhibiting MIC and proposed future research directions for MIC mechanisms and prevention. This review aims to comprehensively understand marine microbial corrosion and contribute to novel strategy developments for biocorrosion control in marine environments.

Combining Urea with Chemical and Biological Amendments Differentially Influences Nitrogen Dynamics in Soil and Wheat Growth

“…Compared with the use of different biological and chemical amendments in the greenhouse study, DCD as a nitrification inhibitor applied with urea at the rate of 90 kg N ha –1 in wheat significantly improved growth, crop yield, and N recovery efficiency . Another study reported that nitrification inhibitors (DCD and DMPP) had a significant impact on the soil inorganic nitrogen content . Specifically, it resulted in a shift in the primary form of soil inorganic nitrogen from nitrate to ammonium.…”

“…During this oxidation process, SOB release protons, which in turn acidify the surrounding soil environment. This localized acidification increases the retention of NH 4 + in the soil through its conversion to ammonium sulfate (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , which is less prone to escape as gaseous ammonia . In addition to soil acidification, the presence of SOB also promotes the formation of stable sulfur–nitrogen bonds, further reducing the potential for ammonia volatilization.…”

“…In the fertilizer market, innovative inputs such as urease and nitrification inhibitors have gained prominence . These cutting-edge solutions hold the potential to address critical agricultural challenges by curbing N leaching in the form of nitrate (NO 3 ), decreasing NH 3 emissions, and simultaneously boosting crop yields .…”

“…This localized acidification increases the retention of NH 4 + in the soil through its conversion to ammonium sulfate (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , which is less prone to escape as gaseous ammonia. 24 In addition to soil acidification, the presence of SOB also promotes the formation of stable sulfur–nitrogen bonds, further reducing the potential for ammonia volatilization. These sulfur–nitrogen bonds act as a protective mechanism, preventing the release of ammonia into the atmosphere and preserving nitrogen in a usable form for plants.…”

“…In the fertilizer market, innovative inputs such as urease and nitrification inhibitors have gained prominence. 24 These cutting-edge solutions hold the potential to address critical agricultural challenges by curbing N leaching in the form of nitrate (NO 3 ), decreasing NH 3 emissions, and simultaneously boosting crop yields. 26 Therefore, the main aim of this research was to quantify the extent of ammonia volatilization losses from soil when applying NBPT and DCD, both with and without the inoculation of SOB to improve the N use efficiency and wheat yield.…”