Microbiological and mycotoxicological analyses of processed cereal‐based complementary foods for infants and young children from the German market

Rehagel, Christina; Akineden, Ömer; Usleber, Ewald

doi:10.1111/1750-3841.16106

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Only DAS and FX were not detected in these products. The pooled contamination levels ranged from 0.4 μg/kg AOH (cereal-based cereals for infants and children from Germany) [ 26 ] to 64.2 μg/kg MON [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ] (infant food from Nigeria).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Occurrence of Non-Regulated Mycotoxins in Foods: A Systematic Review

Mihalache,

De Boevre,

Dellafiora

et al. 2023

Toxins

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The aim of this systematic review is to provide an update on the occurrence and co-occurrence of selected non-regulated mycotoxins and provide an overview of current regulations. Fifteen non-regulated mycotoxins were found in 19 food categories worldwide. On top of that, 38 different combinations of non-regulated mycotoxins were found, with mixtures varying from binary combinations up to 12 mycotoxins. Taking into consideration the amount of evidence regarding the prevalence and co-occurrence of non-regulated mycotoxins, future steps should be taken considering continuous monitoring, scientific exchange, and generation of high-quality data. To enhance data quality, guidelines outlining the minimum quality criteria for both occurrence data and metadata are needed. By doing so, we can effectively address concerns related to the toxicity of non-regulated mycotoxins. Furthermore, obtaining more data concerning the co-occurrence of both regulated and non-regulated mycotoxins could aid in supporting multiple chemical risk assessment methodologies. Implementing these steps could bolster food safety measures, promote evidence-based regulations, and ultimately safeguard public health from the potential adverse effects of non-regulated mycotoxins.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Occurrence of Non-Regulated Mycotoxins in Foods: A Systematic Review

Mihalache,

De Boevre,

Dellafiora

et al. 2023

Toxins

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“…In the present study, 872 cereal-based food products were analyzed for DON and emerging Alternaria toxin contamination. DON is a predominant mycotoxin in cereals, and its high incidence and contamination level have been reported in many studies [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]. As for emerging Alternaria toxins, the contamination of AOH and AME in various food categories were frequently detected [ 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Deoxynivalenol and Emerging Alternaria Toxins in Cereal-Based Food Products for Infants and Young Children in China

Xiao

Lyu

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Deoxynivalenol (DON) and emerging Alternaria toxins often co-occur in cereal-based products, but the current risk assessment is commonly conducted for only one type of mycotoxin at a time. Compared to adults, infants and young children are more susceptible to mycotoxins through food consumption, especially with cereal-based food products which are the main source of exposure. This study aimed to perform a probabilistic risk assessment of combined exposure to DON and three major Alternaria toxins, namely including alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) through consumption of cereal-based foods for Chinese infants and young children. A total of 872 cereal-based food products were randomly collected and tested for the occurrence of DON and three major Alternaria toxins. The results on mycotoxin occurrence showed the DON, TeA, AOH, and AME was detected in 56.4%, 47.5%, 7.5%, and 5.7% of the samples, respectively. Co-contamination of various mycotoxins was observed in 39.9% of the analyzed samples. A preliminary cumulative risk assessment using the models of hazard index (HI) and combined margin of exposure (MoET) was performed on DON and Alternaria toxins that were present in cereal-based food products for infants and young children in China for the first time. The results showed that only 0.2% and 1.5%, respectively, of individuals exceeded the corresponding reference value for DON and TeA, indicating a low health risk. However, in the case of AME and AOH, the proportion of individuals exceeding the reference value was 24.1% and 33.5%, respectively, indicating the potential health risks. In the cumulative risk assessment of AME and AOH, both HI and MoET values indicated a more serious risk than that related to individual exposure. Further research is necessary to reduce the uncertainties that are associated with the toxicities of the Alternaria toxins and cumulative risk assessment methods.

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The characteristics, occurrence, and toxicological effects of alternariol: a mycotoxin

Saleh,

Zeidan,

Abu-Dieyeh

2024

Arch Toxicol

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Alternaria species are mycotoxin-producing fungi known to infect fresh produce and to cause their spoilage. Humans get exposed to fungal secondary metabolites known as mycotoxin via the ingestion of contaminated food. Alternariol (AOH) (C14H10O5) is an isocoumarins produced by different species of Alternaria including Alternaria alternata. AOH is often found in grain, fruits and fruits-based food products with high levels in legumes, nuts, and tomatoes. AOH was first discovered in 1953, and it is nowadays linked to esophagus cancer and endocrine disruption due to its similarity to estrogen. Although considered as an emerging mycotoxin with no regulated levels in food, AOH occurs in highly consumed dietary products and has been detected in various masked forms, which adds to its occurrence. Therefore, this comprehensive review was developed to give an overview on recent literature in the field of AOH. The current study summarizes published data on occurrence levels of AOH in different food products in the last ten years and evaluates those levels in comparison to recommended levels by the regulating entities. Such surveillance facilitates the work of health risk assessors and highlights commodities that are most in need of AOH levels regulation. In addition, the effects of AOH on cells and animal models were summarized in two tables; data include the last two-year literature studies. The review addresses also the main characteristics of AOH and the possible human exposure routes, the populations at risk, and the effect of anthropogenic activities on the widespread of the mycotoxin. The commonly used detection and control methods described in the latest literature are also discussed to guide future researchers to focus on mitigating mycotoxins contamination in the food industry. This review aims mainly to serve as a guideline on AOH for mycotoxin regulation developers and health risk assessors.

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Microbiological and mycotoxicological analyses of processed cereal‐based complementary foods for infants and young children from the German market

Cited by 7 publications

References 48 publications

The Occurrence of Non-Regulated Mycotoxins in Foods: A Systematic Review

The Occurrence of Non-Regulated Mycotoxins in Foods: A Systematic Review

Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Deoxynivalenol and Emerging Alternaria Toxins in Cereal-Based Food Products for Infants and Young Children in China

The characteristics, occurrence, and toxicological effects of alternariol: a mycotoxin

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