Microbiological and Physicochemical Characterization of Irrigation Water in Market Gardening in Korhogo

Abstract

Several sources of water are used by farmers without concern for quality, which can have consequences on the health of the consumer of market garden products. The aim of this study is to evaluate the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of irrigation water. Microorganisms were counted using the membrane filtration and incorporation into the agar methods. The physicochemical parameters were measured using multiparameter and spectrophotometric methods. The average values of the physicochemical parameters are between 6.46 and 6.9 (pH), 27.15 and 29.9°C (temperature), 170 and 760 μS/cm (electrical conductivity), 70 and 380 mg/L (total dissolved solids), 3.85 and 77.59 mg/L (nitrates), and between 0.13 and 2.35 mg/L for ammonium. Irrigation water in market gardening is highly contaminated by microorganisms. Loads ranging from 3.64 to 4.35 log10 cfu/100 mL, 2.44 to 3.31 log10 cfu/100 mL, 2.44 to 2.9 log10 cfu/100 mL, and 2.07 to 3.63 log10 cfu/100 mL were obtained for total coliforms, E. coli, fecal enterococci, and sulphite-reducing clostridia, respectively. Mean loadings ranging from 4.95 to 5.98 log10 cfu/100 mL, 1.8 to 2.08 log10 cfu/100 mL, and 1.5 to 1.98 log10 cfu/100 mL were obtained for mesophilic aerobic germs, moulds, and yeasts, respectively. Four different mould strains were identified in irrigation water. These strains belong to the genus Aspergillus. Shallows water was more contaminated with microorganisms. These results show that water should be treated before being used for irrigation; market garden products must be properly washed and disinfected before consumption.

Insecticide resistance in Malaria vectors: Implications for control strategies in northern health districts of Cote d’Ivoire

“…gambiae ss in almost all sentinel sites in Côte d'Ivoire [22],.Regarding the ace-1 gene, which is responsible for strong resistance to carbamates in populations of the An. gambiae s.l complex, it was found at a low frequency in all sites [23]. The resistance to pyrethroids observed in the sentinel sites located in the north of Côte d'Ivoire corroborates a recent study carried out in Korhogo that showed that An.…”

“…Korhogo is the fourth largest city in Côte d'Ivoire in terms of population and economy [11]. It is in the northern part of the country, 635 km from Abidjan, at 9°53'N and 6°49'W.…”

Seasonal water sources at irrigated urban vegetable production sites in Ghana

“…In Ghana, studies on the quality of water used for irrigation for vegetable and crop production in general have indicated different forms of contamination (Abdallah & Mourad, 2021;Amuah et al, 2022;Mayilla et al, 2015). There are the same indications in studies conducted in Cote D'Ivoire (Kambire et al, 2022;Koffi et al, 2012). These findings in Ghana and Cote D'Ivoire, for instance, corroborate assertions made by Amoah et al (2016) that 10% of urban residents in sub-Saharan Africa use wastewater for crop irrigation and that 50%-90% of urban residents in West Africa have eaten vegetables produced with waste or contaminated water.…”

Nutritional Content and Microbial Load of Fresh Liang, Gnetum gnemon var. tenerum Leaves

“…E. coli is widely used as an indicator of faecal contamination in waterways. Kambire et al [43] stated that water used to irrigate market gardening contained high microorganism loads ranging from 3.64 to 4.35 log cfu/100 mL, 2.44 to 3.31 log cfu/100 mL, 2.44 to 2.9 log cfu/100 mL, and 2.07 to 3.63 log cfu/100 mL for total coliforms, E. coli, faecal enterococci and sulphite-reducing clostridia, respectively while mean loadings of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, moulds and yeasts ranged from 4.95 to 5.98 log cfu/100 mL, 1.8 to 2.08 log cfu/100 mL and 1.5 to 1.98 log cfu/100 mL, respectively. Four different mould strains belonging to the genus Aspergillus were also found in the irrigation water.…”