Microbiological assay of avoparcin in animal feeds and pre-mixes—co-operative study

Gliddon, Michael J.; Poole, Cheryl A.; Johannsen, Friedrich H.; Bucher, Erwin; Thalmann, A.; Dresbach, Christopher; Abramowski, Bernd

doi:10.1039/an9921701401

Analyst

1992

DOI: 10.1039/an9921701401

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Microbiological assay of avoparcin in animal feeds and pre-mixes—co-operative study

Michael J. Gliddon¹,

Cheryl A. Poole²,

Friedrich H. Johannsen³

et al.

Abstract: A microbiological method for the determination of the antibiotic growth promoter avoparcin in animal feeds and pre-mixes was first published in 1979. The existing method has been applied to new matrices as commercial use of avoparcin has spread. Problems with the existing analytical procedure have been reported, particularly in Germany. This paper identifies the causes of the problems and includes revisions to the existing analytical procedure. The testing of these revisions in co-operative studies with up to … Show more

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Cited by 4 publications

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“…Therefore, the present study was started to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of VRE in hospitalized patients with an increased risk for infection or colonization with VRE and in patients living in the community. We determined the susceptibility of VRE to vancomycin, teicoplanin, avoparcin (a glycopeptide available throughout Europe as an additive in animal feed [15]), and LY333328 (a new glycopeptide antibiotic [37]). In order to determine the genetic basis of the glycopeptide resistance phenotype, PCR assays aimed at the various resistance genes were performed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and those living in the community in The Netherlands

et al. 1997

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In order to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in The Netherlands, 624 hospitalized patients from intensive care units or hemato-oncology wards in nine hospitals and 200 patients living in the community were screened for VRE colonization. Enterococci were found in 49% of the hospitalized patients and in 80% of the patients living in the community. Of these strains, 43 and 32%, respectively, were Enterococcus faecium. VRE were isolated from 12 of 624 (2%) and 4 of 200 (2%) hospitalized patients and patients living in the community, respectively. PCR analysis of these 16 strains and 11 additional clinical VRE isolates from one of the participating hospitals revealed 24 vanA gene-containing, 1 vanB gene-containing, and 2 vanC1 gene-containing strains. All strains were cross-resistant to avoparcin but were sensitive to the novel glycopeptide antibiotic LY333328. Genotyping of the strains by arbitrarily primed PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. This underscores a lack of hospital-driven endemicity of VRE clones. It is suggested that the VRE in hospitalized patients have originated from unknown sources in the community. Enterococcus spp. have recently emerged as important nosocomial pathogens (35). According to the data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System, enterococci are the fourth leading cause of nosocomial infections in the United States (12). Enterococcal infections that have frequently been reported include urinary tract infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections, and surgical wound infections (27). Enterococcus faecalis is commonly isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract, whereas Enterococcus faecium is less frequently isolated from that site (31). This latter species, however, is noted for its antimicrobial resistance. Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREF) strains have emerged in a setting of increasing high-level resistance of enterococci to penicillins and aminoglycosides (28). During the last few years, nosocomial outbreaks due to VREF have been described (17, 25). The emergence of VREF has raised serious concerns (28), and in response, the Hospital Infections Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has developed recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) (18). Given the concern that vancomycin resistance genes may transfer from enterococci to Staphylococcus aureus, a phenomenon that has been observed in vitro (31), control measures have already been proposed, should vancomycin-resistant S. aureus strains eventually arise (10). MATERIALS AND METHODS Prevalence study. Five Dutch university hospitals in Rotterdam, Utrecht, Nijmegen, and Amsterdam and four regional teaching hospitals in Breda and Tilburg participated in the study. Six hundred twenty-four patients who were hospitalized in the following wards were screened for gastrointestinal carriage of VRE...

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Fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and those living in the community in The Netherlands

et al. 1997

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Improved recovery of avoparcin from animal feedstuffs using a novel extraction method

Fagan¹,

McEvoy²,

Lynas³

et al. 1995

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Poor recovery of the glycopeptide antibiotic avoparcin from certain animal feedstuffs, e.g., dairy feeds, has been experienced by this laboratory and has been reported elsewhere. It is postulated that this may be due to binding of avoparcin to specific carbohydrate-binding glycoproteins, known as lectins, which are naturally present in feedstuffs. The effect of sample pre-treatment with sugar solutions on the recovery of avoparcin was assessed. Samples (n = 17) of a bovine finishing feed containing 20 mg kg-1 avoparcin were pre-soaked with water (control) or one of two different sugar solutions (sucrose or methyl-aD-mannopyranoside) prior to extraction. Increases in avoparcin recoveries relative to the controls (1 .OOO) were (mean k standard error of the mean) 1.18 k 0.016 and 1.20 k 0.036 for methyl-aD-mannopyranoside and sucrose, respectively. In a second experiment, replicate samples (n = 4) of 30 different feedingstuffs were pre-soaked with methyl-aD-mannopyranoside and compared with the official extraction method. Pre-soaking elevated the mean avoparcin determinations for all the bovine and avian feedstuffs and for four out of seven porcine feedstuffs. The increased concentrations detected were significant for dairy (17.44 versus 10.31 mg kg-1; P < 0.001) and beef finishing feeds (23.12 versus 19.53 mg kg-1; P < 0.01). These results provide a possible solution to the low recoveries of avoparcin experienced in the assay of dairy feeds.

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Editorial Response: What Can We Do About Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci?

Murray¹

1995

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Microbiological assay of avoparcin in animal feeds and pre-mixes—co-operative study

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and those living in the community in The Netherlands

Fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and those living in the community in The Netherlands

Improved recovery of avoparcin from animal feedstuffs using a novel extraction method

Editorial Response: What Can We Do About Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci?

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