Microbiological assessment and evaluation of rehydration instructions on powdered infant formulas, follow-up formulas, and infant foods in Malaysia

Sani, Norrakiah Abdullah; Hartantyo, S.H.P.; Forsythe, Stephen

doi:10.3168/jds.2012-5409

Cited by 53 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…High culling rates increase the risk that the heifer will be disposed of before it has repaid the cost of rearing and so started making a profit for the farm. The average number of lactations in the UK herd is 3.5 to 3.8 (DairyCo, 2009; Hanks and Kossaibati, 2012), thus the farms that are of most concern are the 10% that are not breaking even until at least the third lactation. These must rely on other sources of income outwith the dairy if they are to survive economically.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs

Boulton

Rushton

Wathes

2017

Animal

136

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Rearing quality dairy heifers is essential to maintain herds by replacing culled cows. Information on the key factors influencing the cost of rearing under different management systems is, however, limited and many farmers are unaware of their true costs. This study determined the cost of rearing heifers from birth to first calving in Great Britain including the cost of mortality, investigated the main factors influencing these costs across differing farming systems and estimated how long it took heifers to repay the cost of rearing on individual farms. Primary data on heifer management from birth to calving was collected through a survey of 101 dairy farms during 2013. Univariate followed by multivariable linear regression was used to analyse the influence of farm factors and key rearing events on costs. An Excel spreadsheet model was developed to determine the time it took for heifers to repay the rearing cost. The mean±SD ages at weaning, conception and calving were 62±13, 509±60 and 784±60 days. The mean total cost of rearing was £1819±387/heifer with a mean daily cost of £2.31±0.41. This included the opportunity cost of the heifer and the mean cost of mortality, which ranged from £103.49 to £146.19/surviving heifer. The multivariable model predicted an increase in mean cost of rearing of £2.87 for each extra day of age at first calving and a decrease in mean cost of £6.06 for each percentile increase in time spent at grass. The model also predicted a decrease in the mean cost of rearing in autumn and spring calving herds of £273.20 and £288.56, respectively, compared with that in all-year-round calving herds. Farms with herd sizes⩾100 had lower mean costs of between £301.75 and £407.83 compared with farms with <100 milking cows. The mean gross margin per heifer was £441.66±304.56 (range £367.63 to £1120.08), with 11 farms experiencing negative gross margins. Most farms repaid the cost of heifer rearing in the first two lactations (range 1 to 6 lactations) with a mean time from first calving until breaking even of 530±293 days. The results of the economic analysis suggest that management decisions on key reproduction events and grazing policy significantly influence the cost of rearing and the time it takes for heifers to start making a profit for the farm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs

Boulton

Rushton

Wathes

2017

Animal

136

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“…Ultrasonography was performed using a 8.5 MHz linear probe3 that was directly applied on the thorax after 70% isopropyl alcohol had been sprayed on the area of interest to improve image quality without clipping 419 The different anomalies noted were the presence of comet‐tail artifacts (COMT), the number of sites with COMT (Σ s COMT), pleural fluid accumulation, pleural irregularity, and consolidated lung. If present, depth of consolidation (cm, DEPTH) was directly counted on the grid on the screen of the ultrasound unit [Fig 2]) 17, 19.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, 19 The different anomalies noted were the presence of comet‐tail artifacts (COMT), the number of sites with COMT (Σ s COMT), pleural fluid accumulation, pleural irregularity, and consolidated lung. If present, depth of consolidation (cm, DEPTH) was directly counted on the grid on the screen of the ultrasound unit [Fig 2]) 17, 19. The COMT were identified when ≥1 reverberation artifacts (with comet‐tail shape) were observed from the pleura to the deeper part of the ultrasonogram during the scanning of the site 17.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Thoracic Auscultation, Clinical Score, and Ultrasonography as Indicators of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Preweaned Dairy Calves

Buczinski

Forte

Francoz

et al. 2013

Veterinary Internal Medicne

131

150

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BackgroundThe diagnostic tools for bovine respiratory disease diagnosis include clinical inspection, thoracic auscultation, and ultrasonography.HypothesisThoracic auscultation and clinical examination have limitations in the detection of lung consolidation in dairy calves.AnimalsProspective cohort of 106 preweaned calves from 13 different dairy herds (10 with a history of active bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves and 3 without suspected BRD problems).MethodsEach preweaned calf was clinically inspected using the Wisconsin calf respiratory scoring chart (CRSC) and treatment history was noted. Systematic thoracic auscultation and ultrasonography then were performed, the latter focusing on lung consolidation. Mortality was recorded over a 30‐day period.ResultsA total of 56 of 106 calves had ultrasonographic evidence of lung consolidation. The sensitivity of thoracic auscultation to detect consolidation was 5.9% (range, 0–16.7%). Only 41.1% (23/33) of calves with consolidated lungs had been treated previously by the producers. When adding CRSC and previous BRD treatment by the producer, sensitivity of detection increased to 71.4% (40/56). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.809 (95% CI, 0.721–0.879) for the number of areas within the lungs with consolidation and 0.743 (95% CI, 0.648–0.823) for the maximal depth of consolidation as predictors of death within 1 month after examination. These were not significantly different (P = .06).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis study shows that thoracic auscultation is of limited value in diagnosing lung consolidation in calves. Ultrasonographic assessment of the thorax could be a useful tool to assess BRD detection efficiency on dairy farms.

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“…Animals of this study were used in an Ussing-chamber experiment to evaluate the effects of energy-rich feeding on the electrophysiological properties of rumen epithelium [4], as well as to determine nutrient transporters and electrochemical gradients in rumen and hindgut [12]. The outline of the experimental design, feeding procedure, and dietary treatments are therefore the same as has been described in details previously [4], [12].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides their central metabolic roles, rumen epithelial cells also are the first line of defence against hostile rumen conditions such as acidic pH, high osmotic pressure, and harmful microbial-derived metabolites, in particular when ruminants are fed energy-rich diets to enhance cost efficiency [2]. Indeed, a direct implication of feeding energy-rich diets to ruminants is rumen acidosis, resulting is an enhanced impairment of barrier functions of the rumen epithelium [3], [4], inflammation and other health-related problems of the host animal [5]. The wide use of high-throughput molecular methods in animal sciences during the last years has increased the knowledge regarding rumen microbiota and its interaction with the host in response to diet [2], [6]–[10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downregulation of Cellular Protective Factors of Rumen Epithelium in Goats Fed High Energy Diet

Hollmann¹,

Miller²,

Hummel³

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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Energy-rich diets can challenge metabolic and protective functions of the rumen epithelial cells, but the underlying factors are unclear. This study sought to evaluate proteomic changes of the rumen epithelium in goats fed a low, medium, or high energy diet. Expression of protein changes were compared by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis followed by protein identification with matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Of about 2,000 spots commonly detected in all gels, 64 spots were significantly regulated, which were traced back to 24 unique proteins. Interestingly, the expression profiles of several chaperone proteins with important cellular protective functions such as heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein, peroxiredoxin-6, serpin H1, protein disulfide-isomerase, and selenium-binding protein were collectively downregulated in response to high dietary energy supply. Similar regulation patterns were obtained for some other proteins involved in transport or metabolic functions. In contrast, metabolic enzymes like retinal dehydrogenase 1 and ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial precursor were upregulated in response to high energy diet. Lower expressions of chaperone proteins in the rumen epithelial cells in response to high energy supply may suggest that these cells were less protected against the potentially harmful rumen toxic compounds, which might have consequences for rumen and systemic health. Our findings also suggest that energy-rich diets and the resulting acidotic insult may render rumen epithelial cells more vulnerable to cellular damage by attenuating their cell defense system, hence facilitating the impairment of rumen barrier function, typically observed in energy-rich fed ruminants.

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Microbiological assessment and evaluation of rehydration instructions on powdered infant formulas, follow-up formulas, and infant foods in Malaysia

Cited by 53 publications

References 19 publications

An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs

An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs

Comparison of Thoracic Auscultation, Clinical Score, and Ultrasonography as Indicators of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Preweaned Dairy Calves

Downregulation of Cellular Protective Factors of Rumen Epithelium in Goats Fed High Energy Diet

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