Microbiological, Biological, and Chemical Weapons of Warfare and Terrorism

Greenfield, Ronald A.; Brown, Brent; Hutchins, James B.; Iandolo, John J.; Jackson, Rhett; Slater, Leonard N.; Bronze, Michael S.

doi:10.1097/00000441-200206000-00005

Cited by 239 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Botulinum toxins are the most toxic substances known, and thus a potentially devastating weapon if efficiently dispersed [1]. The lethal dose of botulinum toxin for a 70 kg human is estimated to be 0.7 to 0.9 μg inhaled or 70 μg ingested [78].…”

Section: Botulinum Toxin (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike other threat toxins, botulinum toxin appears to cause the same disease independent from its route of exposure. The neurological syndrome is caused by presynaptic blockade of neuromuscular and autonomic cholinergic junctions [1].…”

Section: Botulinum Toxin (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The classic triad of botulism, according to the Working Group on Civilian includes [1] symmetric, descending flaccid paralysis with prominent bulbar palsies in [2] an afebrile patient with [3] a clear sensorium [78].…”

Section: Botulinum Toxin (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonspecific symptoms include fever, nausea, arthralgias, and profuse sweating. After inhalation, chest tightness, cough, and dyspnea are prominent, and necrosis of the respiratory epithelium leads to tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and interstitial pneumonia [1]. When ingested, ricin causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.…”

Section: Ricin (Category B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Substances that can potentially be used as weapons of mass destruction or agents of terrorism may be chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological [1]. Bioterrorism is defined as the intentional use of these substances to cause disease or death in humans and/or animals, and/or environmental damage [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Treatment of Neuroterrorism

Busl

Bleck

2012

Neurotherapeutics

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Bioterrorism is defined as the intentional use of biological, chemical, nuclear, or radiological agents to cause disease, death, or environmental damage. Early recognition of a bioterrorist attack is of utmost importance to minimize casualties and initiate appropriate therapy. The range of agents that could potentially be used as weapons is wide, however, only a few of these agents have all the characteristics making them ideal for that purpose. Many of the chemical and biological weapons can cause neurological symptoms and damage the nervous system in varying degrees. Therefore, preparedness among neurologists is important. The main challenge is to be cognizant of the clinical syndromes and to be able to differentiate diseases caused by bioterrorism from naturally occurring disorders. This review provides an overview of the biological and chemical warfare agents, with a focus on neurological manifestation and an approach to treatment from a perspective of neurological critical care.

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Section: Botulinum Toxin (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Botulinum Toxin (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%