Microbiological monitoring and automated event sampling at karst springs using LEO-satellites

Stadler, Hermann; Skritek, Paul; Sommer, Regina; Mach, Robert L.; Zerobin, Wolfgang; Farnleitner, Andreas H.

doi:10.2166/wst.2008.442

Cited by 35 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This deficiency can potentially lead to false-negative results or underestimation of (10)(11)(12)(13). Nonetheless, several studies have demonstrated the potential of automated sampling procedures for pollution microbiology (2,(14)(15)(16)(17). For example, autosampling was used to elucidate previously unobserved microbial fecal pollution dynamics in alpine water resources, results that had significant implications for water quality management (14,18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Automated Sampling Procedures Supported by High Persistence of Bacterial Fecal Indicators and Bacteroidetes Genetic Microbial Source Tracking Markers in Municipal Wastewater during Short-Term Storage at 5°C

Mayer

Vierheilig

Egle

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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e Because of high diurnal water quality fluctuations in raw municipal wastewater, the use of proportional autosampling over a period of 24 h at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to evaluate carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal has become a standard in many countries. Microbial removal or load estimation at municipal WWTPs, however, is still based on manually recovered grab samples. The goal of this study was to establish basic knowledge regarding the persistence of standard bacterial fecal indicators and Bacteroidetes genetic microbial source tracking markers in municipal wastewater in order to evaluate their suitability for automated sampling, as the potential lack of persistence is the main argument against such procedures. Raw and secondary treated wastewater of municipal origin from representative and well-characterized biological WWTPs without disinfection (organic carbon and nutrient removal) was investigated in microcosm experiments at 5 and 21°C with a total storage time of 32 h (including a 24-h autosampling component and an 8-h postsampling phase). Vegetative Escherichia coli and enterococci, as well as Clostridium perfringens spores, were selected as indicators for cultivation-based standard enumeration. Molecular analysis focused on total (AllBac) and human-associated genetic Bacteroidetes (BacHum-UCD, HF183 TaqMan) markers by using quantitative PCR, as well as 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing. The microbial parameters showed high persistence in both raw and treated wastewater at 5°C under the storage conditions used. Surprisingly, and in contrast to results obtained with treated wastewater, persistence of the microbial markers in raw wastewater was also high at 21°C. On the basis of our results, 24-h autosampling procedures with 5°C storage conditions can be recommended for the investigation of fecal indicators or Bacteroidetes genetic markers at municipal WWTPs. Such autosampling procedures will contribute to better understanding and monitoring of municipal WWTPs as sources of fecal pollution in water resources. Microbial fecal contamination of aquatic systems by municipal wastewater represents a significant threat to public health (1). Thus, appropriate wastewater disposal technologies and fecal pollution monitoring programs are critical for safeguarding our water resources. Standard fecal indicators, as well as recently developed genetic microbial source tracking (MST) markers, are used to monitor the microbial fecal loads emitted from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their impact on receiving waters (2-6). Microbiological sampling of WWTPs is commonly based on manually recovered samples (7). However, the concept behind these methods neglects temporal fluctuations in water quality. Large diurnal variations have been reported for key chemical parameters, such as nutrients, in raw wastewater (8). Determination of the efficacy of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal at WWTPs is thus frequently based on automated diurnal sampling. For example, in Austria, auto...

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confidence: 99%

Automated Sampling Procedures Supported by High Persistence of Bacterial Fecal Indicators and Bacteroidetes Genetic Microbial Source Tracking Markers in Municipal Wastewater during Short-Term Storage at 5°C

Mayer

Vierheilig

Egle

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Limestone aquifers supply potable groundwater in many parts of the world and can be very vulnerable to fecal contamination (23), making catchment and water quality management an essential requirement (24) to guarantee drinking water quality. Many managed aquifer recharge (MAR) sites are also developed in limestone aquifers, e.g., in Australia and Mexico (25) and in the southeast United States (26).…”

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confidence: 99%

Biotin- and Glycoprotein-Coated Microspheres as Surrogates for Studying Filtration Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum in a Granular Limestone Aquifer Medium

Stevenson

Blaschke

Toze

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Members of the genus Cryptosporidium are waterborne protozoa of great health concern. Many studies have attempted to find appropriate surrogates for assessing Cryptosporidium filtration removal in porous media. In this study, we evaluated the filtration of Cryptosporidium parvum in granular limestone medium by the use of biotin-and glycoprotein-coated carboxylated polystyrene microspheres (CPMs) as surrogates. Column experiments were carried out with core material taken from a managed aquifer recharge site in Adelaide, Australia. For the experiments with injection of a single type of particle, we observed the total removal of the oocysts and glycoprotein-coated CPMs, a 4.6-to 6.3-log 10 reduction of biotin-coated CPMs, and a 2.6-log 10 reduction of unmodified CPMs. When two different types of particles were simultaneously injected, glycoprotein-coated CPMs showed a 5.3-log 10 reduction, while the uncoated CPMs displayed a 3.7-log 10 reduction, probably due to particle-particle interactions. Our results confirm that glycoprotein-coated CPMs are the most accurate surrogates for C. parvum; biotin-coated CPMs are slightly more conservative, while unmodified CPMs are markedly overly conservative for predicting C. parvum removal in granular limestone medium. The total removal of C. parvum observed in our study suggests that granular limestone medium is very effective for the filtration removal of C. parvum and could potentially be used for the pretreatment of drinking water and aquifer storage recovery of recycled water. W aterborne cryptosporidiosis is mainly caused by Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis in humans (1). Cryptosporidium can be found in water contaminated with infected human or animal feces and has a low infectious dose, and ingestion of less than 10 oocysts can lead to infection (2). Cryptosporidium oocysts are sometimes detected in drinking water supplies (3) and in potable groundwater (4), causing disease outbreaks. For example, in the 1993 cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Milwaukee, WI, USA, about 400,000 people were infected and more than 100 people died after contamination of drinking water by C. parvum (5). More recently, a waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Ö stersund, Sweden, which infected 27,000 people in 2010, was caused by C. hominis (6).C. parvum can survive in surface water and groundwater for a long period of time (7) and is resistant to chemical disinfection, like chlorination (8) and ozonation (9), due to its thick oocyst wall. UV irradiation with low-and medium-pressure lamps has been found to be effective at inactivating C. parvum (10). However, the efficacy of UV irradiation as well as that of chemical disinfection is hampered by turbidity in the water. Thus, filtration is often used as an essential primary step for drinking water treatment in the course of a multibarrier treatment system because it is effective and cost-efficient.Because it is extremely infectious and highly resistant to chlorination, testing for C. parvum is often used in risk analysis of drin...

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“…Three summer events discussed below may have been subject to E. coli underestimation: The other concern with auto-samplers is carry-over of water from previous samples, especially with contrasting microbial contamination. Solo-Gabriele et al (2000) found auto sampler carry-over of E. coli to be insignificant, and Stadler et al (2008) demonstrated a close correlation with duplicate grab samples, with no evidence of bias from sample carry-over, so we consider this potential source of error can be discounted in our study. Wilkinson et al (1995) presented a model for the remobilisation of river channel store E. coli by artificially generated flood-pulses.…”

Section: Autosampler Quality Assurancementioning

confidence: 62%

“…For the current study, we had to relax these requirements to permit use of auto-samplers (without carousel chilling), which were triggered automatically by events. Pope et al (2003) found that E. coli concentrations in samples held at less than 108C were generally consistent with those measured within 8 h. Similarly, Stadler et al (2008) reported only minor sample deterioration for holding temperatures of around 58C. So the main issue is the holding time within the instrument shack, after collection, but before auto-samples were retrieved and stored on ice.…”

Section: Autosampler Quality Assurancementioning

confidence: 65%

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Modelling storm-eventE.colipulses from the Motueka and Sherry Rivers in the South Island, New Zealand

Wilkinson

McKergow

Davies-Colley

et al. 2011

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Storm-induced Escherichia coli pulses in the Motueka River (2074 km 2 ) and the Sherry River (78.4 km 2 ) are modelled. The model focuses on the catchment outlets, representing key processes, including E. coli transfer to and from the river bed, with account taken of the hysteresis in, and non-linear, non-stationary, response of E. coli concentrations to river stormflows. The model fits the Motueka River observations well, but less well in the Sherry River. A greatly simplified description of headwater and riparian inputs is satisfactory at the larger catchment scale where near-field, in-channel processes dominate the response. Spatial heterogeneity in rainfall-run-off and faecal sources probably contribute to the poorer fit in the smaller catchment. Despite using a relatively small number of driving variables and parameters, the model has the potential to predict real-time E. coli input to Tasman Bay in river plumes causing shellfish and bathing beach contamination.

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Microbiological monitoring and automated event sampling at karst springs using LEO-satellites

Cited by 35 publications

References 7 publications

Automated Sampling Procedures Supported by High Persistence of Bacterial Fecal Indicators and Bacteroidetes Genetic Microbial Source Tracking Markers in Municipal Wastewater during Short-Term Storage at 5°C

Automated Sampling Procedures Supported by High Persistence of Bacterial Fecal Indicators and Bacteroidetes Genetic Microbial Source Tracking Markers in Municipal Wastewater during Short-Term Storage at 5°C

Biotin- and Glycoprotein-Coated Microspheres as Surrogates for Studying Filtration Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum in a Granular Limestone Aquifer Medium

Modelling storm-eventE.colipulses from the Motueka and Sherry Rivers in the South Island, New Zealand

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