Microbiological Study of Water-Softener Resins

Stamm, John M.; Engelhard, Warren E.; Parsons, James E.

doi:10.1128/aem.18.3.376-386.1969

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Mechanical plumbing equipment located in mechanical spaces and “upstream” of the main building piping network (Table 1) must be considered. Bacterial growth, including pathogens, has been associated with this equipment and with subsequent disease cases (Bédard et al, 2016; Borella et al, 2004; Garrison et al, 2016; Stamm, Engelhard, & Parsons, 1969). Volume stored in the devices must be overturned, which can be difficult because of nonideal flow through them (e.g., water heaters; Hawes et al, 2017).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations for large building water quality after extended stagnation

Proctor

Rhoads

Keane³

et al. 2020

AWWA Water Science

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The unprecedented number of building closures related to the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic is concerning because water stagnation will occur in many buildings that do not have water management plans in place. Stagnant water can have chemical and microbiological contaminants that pose potential health risks to occupants. Health officials, building owners, utilities, and other entities are rapidly developing guidance to address this issue, but the scope, applicability, and details included in the guidance vary widely. To provide a primer of large building water system preventative and remedial strategies, peer‐reviewed, government, industry, and nonprofit literature relevant to water stagnation and decontamination practices for plumbing was synthesized. Preventative practices to help avoid the need for recommissioning (e.g., routine flushing) and specific actions, challenges, and limitations associated with recommissioning were identified and characterized. Considerations for worker and occupant safety were also indicated. The intended audience of this work includes organizations developing guidance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations for large building water quality after extended stagnation

Proctor

Rhoads

Keane³

et al. 2020

AWWA Water Science

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“…The potential health hazards of microbial contamination in fluids associated with dialysis procedures in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis centers have previously been related (15,16,20,25,27,29,32) to a variety of causal factors including: (i) high levels of gram-negative bacteria or associated endotoxins in source waters used to prepare dialysis fluids; (ii) the efficacy of various types of water treatment systems (i.e., softening, deionization, reverse osmosis) in harboring or reducing microbial contaminants or in removing endotoxins; (iii) the effectiveness of disinfection procedures in eliminating or preventing colonization of filters, membranes, and modules in water treatment systems or piping in fluid distribution systems; and (iv) the problems of specific machine designs associated with failure of disinfection procedures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth characteristics of atypical mycobacteria in water and their comparative resistance to disinfectants

Carson¹,

Petersen²,

Favero³

et al. 1978

Appl Environ Microbiol

220

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With the increasing significance of group IV atypical mycobacteria as etiological agents in a variety of infections, studies were conducted to determine their growth capabilities in water and their comparative resistance to disinfectants used to decontaminate hospital equipment. Isolates of Mycobaterium chelonei (TM strains) from peritoneal fluids of patients and peritoneal dialysis machines were able to multiply in commercial distilled water, with generation times at 25°C ranging from 8 to 15 h. Levels of 105 to 106 cells per ml were attained, and these stationary-phase populations declined only slightly over a 1-year period. Results of studies to determine resistance to disinfectants showed the following. (i) TM strains of M. chelonei cultured in commercial distilled water showed survivors in 2% aqueous formaldehyde (HCHO) solutions up to 24 h; in 8% HCHO, only a 2log reduction in viable counts was observed over a 2-h sampling period. Reference ATCC strains of M. chelonei and M. fortuitum were rapidly inactivated, with no survivors after 2 h of exposure to 2% HCHO or 15 min of exposure to 8% HCHO. (ii) In 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde, TM strains survived 60 min, whereas ATCC strains showed no survivors after 2 min of contact time. (iii) All M. chelonei and M. fortuitum strains survived 60 min of exposure to concentrations of 0.3 and 0.7 ,ug of free chlorine per ml at pH 7. Until the last decade, mycobacteria other than the tubercle bacilli have only sporadically been reported as etiological agents in human infections (18, 34). However, they have been demonstrated as part of the normal flora in sputum and feces of healthy animals and humans (8, 17, 29, 34), and their widespread distribution in nature has been documented by isolations from soil sources (8, 29), wastewater effluents (12, 13), and a variety of municipal, laboratory, and other freshwater sources (2, 11, 17, 18, 32). The infective potential of the atypical mycobacteria has increasingly been recognized, and Barksdale and Kim (3) recently described the

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“…The treatment of the water used to prepare dialysis fluids at these various centers varied from no treatment to softening, deionization, and/or reverse osmosis (Table 1). It has been shown that softeners and deionizers allow for the rapid growth of gram-negative bacteria especially in the absence of residual chlorine (14,19). Although the process of reverse osmosis tends to produce water that is low in bacteriological content, in the absence of residual chlo-rine microorganisms can readily multiply in the distribution system downstream from the membrane.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors That Influence Microbial Contamination of Fluids Associated with Hemodialysis Machines

Favero¹,

Carson²,

Bond³

et al. 1974

Applied Microbiology

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Studies were conducted on the microbiological quality of fluids associated with different types of dialysis systems located in six dialysis centers and 14 homes. Included were (i) single-pass systems employing either parallel flow (Kiil or Gambro) or capillary cartridge dialyzers and (ii) recirculating single-pass and batch recirculating systems using coil dialyzers. Microbiological assays were performed on the water used to prepare dialysis fluid, the concentrated dialysate, and either pre-and postdialyzer dialysate (single-pass systems) or the dialysate contained in storage reservoirs and recirculating cannisters (recirculating systems). The levels of microbial contamination consisting of gram-negative bacteria were directly related to the type of dialysis system, method of water treatment, distribution system, and in some instances, the type of dialyzer. Recirculating single-pass and batch recirculating systems consistently contained significantly higher levels of contamination than single-pass systems. These results were directly related to the design of recirculating systems which permits carbonand nitrogen-containing waste products dialyzed from the patient to accumulate, be used as nutrients by microorganisms, and subsequently allow for 2to 4-log increases in contamination levels during a dialysis treatment. In contrast, levels of contamination in single-pass machines were related more to the quality of the water used to prepare dialysis fluid and the adequacy of cleaning and disinfection procedures than to the design of the system.

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Microbiological Study of Water-Softener Resins

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Considerations for large building water quality after extended stagnation

Considerations for large building water quality after extended stagnation

Growth characteristics of atypical mycobacteria in water and their comparative resistance to disinfectants

Factors That Influence Microbial Contamination of Fluids Associated with Hemodialysis Machines

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