Microbiomes of the normal middle ear and ears with chronic otitis media

Minami, Shujiro; Mutai, Hideki; Horii, Arata; Oishi, Naoki; Wasano, Koichiro; Katsura, Motoyasu; Tanaka, Fujinobu; Takiguchi, Tetsuya; Fujisawa, Masato; Kaga, Kimitaka

doi:10.1002/lary.26579

Cited by 54 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In the microbiota of MEF, Alloiococcus appears to be one of the dominant genera (Jervis- Bardy et al, 2015;Chan et al, 2016Chan et al, , 2017bBoers et al, 2018;Lappan et al, 2018;Val et al, 2018;Johnston et al, 2019). Turicella is less often reported, but has been identified as a member of the MEF microbiota in 8 of the 12 MEF microbiota studies reported in Table 3 (Jervis- Bardy et al, 2015;Krueger et al, 2017;Minami et al, 2017;Sillanpää et al, 2017;Boers et al, 2018;Lappan et al, 2018;Val et al, 2018;Johnston et al, 2019). However, due to the compositional nature of microbiome data it remains difficult to interpret which organisms are more abundant than others.…”

Section: Detection Of a Otitidis And T Otitidis In Mef Has Increasementioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the Pathogenic Potential of the Otitis-Associated Bacteria Alloiococcus otitidis and Turicella otitidis

Lappan

Jamieson

Peacock

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Alloiococcus otitidis and Turicella otitidis are common bacteria of the human ear. They have frequently been isolated from the middle ear of children with otitis media (OM), though their potential role in this disease remains unclear and confounded due to their presence as commensal inhabitants of the external auditory canal. In this review, we summarize the current literature on these organisms with an emphasis on their role in OM. Much of the literature focuses on the presence and abundance of these organisms, and little work has been done to explore their activity in the middle ear. We find there is currently insufficient evidence available to determine whether these organisms are pathogens, commensals or contribute indirectly to the pathogenesis of OM. However, building on the knowledge currently available, we suggest future approaches aimed at providing stronger evidence to determine whether A. otitidis and T. otitidis are involved in the pathogenesis of OM. Such evidence will increase our understanding of the microbial risk factors contributing to OM and may lead to novel treatment approaches for severe and recurrent disease.

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Section: Detection Of a Otitidis And T Otitidis In Mef Has Increasementioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the Pathogenic Potential of the Otitis-Associated Bacteria Alloiococcus otitidis and Turicella otitidis

Lappan

Jamieson

Peacock

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Several studies [17][18][19][20] have attempted to test if the otic mucosa of healthy individuals is indeed free of bacteria, albeit results thus far have been inconclusive. Its secluded location behind the eardrum motivated studies that collected samples as part of transcanal surgical procedures designed to treat a number of otic conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non-invasive optical techniques also detected signals from bacterial biofilms in the middle ear of patients with a history of chronic ear infections but not in uninfected controls [22]. To improve the sensitivity of the detection method, Minami et al [19] used transcanal surgery to collect middle ear mucosal swabs from pediatric and adult patients with or without a history of chronic ear infections. The detection in all the samples of a phylogenetically diverse pool of 16S rRNA amplicon sequences supported the conclusion that "the human middle ear is inhabited by more diverse microbial communities than was previously thought" [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To improve the sensitivity of the detection method, Minami et al [19] used transcanal surgery to collect middle ear mucosal swabs from pediatric and adult patients with or without a history of chronic ear infections. The detection in all the samples of a phylogenetically diverse pool of 16S rRNA amplicon sequences supported the conclusion that "the human middle ear is inhabited by more diverse microbial communities than was previously thought" [19]. However, the study did not include controls from the outer ear canal, which a more recent study showed to contaminate the swabs during sampling [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, the otic samples were enriched (85%) in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria [19], which are also the most abundant phyla in the outer ear canal [23,24]. Transcanal sample collection in these prior studies [17][18][19][20] also considered as healthy controls, individuals undergoing surgery to 6 treat otic conditions (e.g., otosclerosis, middle ear malformation, Bell's palsy and deafness) that are associated with local inflammation and viral and bacterial infections [25][26][27][28]. Hence, the assumption that these individuals are healthy is questionable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of a dynamic middle ear microbiome in healthy adults

Lee

Kashefi

Reguera

2020

Preprint

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Background The entrenched dogma of a sterile middle ear in health is incongruent with its periodic exposure to exhaled air when the tympanic (Eustachian) tube opens while swallowing, yawning or inhaling deeply. Tubal patency is brief but frequent to provide adequate aeration, equalize pressure across the eardrum and drain mucus down the sides of the oropharynx. It also provides a mechanism for aerial dispersal of microorganisms from the aerodigestive tract. Method We designed a pilot study and received institutional approval to collect otic secretions that naturally drain on the sides of the oropharynx, behind the palatopharyngeal arch. This protocol bypassed the need to surgically access the middle ear through or around the eardrum, allowed us to collect samples from individuals with no underlying otic conditions, and prevented sample cross-contamination. As controls, we also collected samples from the center of the oropharynx and buccal mucosae seeded by saliva, which may serve as sources of microbial dispersal into the middle ear. Results We sequenced 16S rRNA-V4 amplicons from otic, oropharyngeal and buccal samples collected from a cohort of 19 healthy young adults. The survey identified in the otic samples a diverse bacterial community with many oropharyngeal and buccal keystone taxa and most of the functional traits of the neighboring oral microbiomes. Neutral community models predicted a large contribution of oral dispersal to the composition of the otic microbiome as well as several taxa responsive to positive selection. This was further supported by the enrichment in the otic communities of obligate anaerobes of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria over facultative anaerobic Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Furthermore, the prevalence of the anaerobic members decreased with the more frequent otic aeration predicted from the equalization training of scuba divers recruited to the study. Conclusions These results challenge the long held view of a sterile middle ear and suggest instead that frequent seeding with oral microbes supports the establishment of a rich and robust otic community dynamically adapted to the episodic ventilation of the tympanic space.

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Respiratory viruses in the healthy middle ear and middle ear with otitis media with effusion

Durmaz

Abdulmajed

Durmaz

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Virology

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To investigate the presence of respiratory viruses in the middle ear cavity of the individuals with a healthy middle ear and the children with otitis media with effusion (OME). A total of 72 middle ear samples were collected from 25 children with OME (Group 1) and 47 individuals with no middle ear disease (Group 2). Multiplex realtime polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the presence of 20 different respiratory viruses. Virus results were compared with bacteriomes of the same populations. At least one respiratory virus was detected in 56% of the patients in Group 1 and 12.8% of the individuals in Group 2. The viral co-infection rate for Group 1 and 2 was 8% and 2.1%, respectively. In Group 1, adenovirus was the most frequently detected virus with a rate of 24%, either alone (16%) or concurrent with other viruses (8%), followed by influenza B (12%), rhinovirus, and bocavirus (8%) each. Parainfluenza 4, coronavirus OC43, and RSV A/B were detected in 4% of the sample each. In Group 2, rhinovirus was detected in two samples (4.3%) followed by adenovirus, coronavirus OC43, coronavirus E299, and coronavirus NL63 with a rate of 2.1% each. The detection rate of respiratory viruses was significantly higher in children aged 6 to 11 years. There was no positive association between virus and bacteria found in the middle ear cavity. The current study has provided comprehensive data indicating the presence of diverse respiratory viruses in the healthy middle ear cavity. Our results also suggest that respiratory viruses might have a contribution to OME pathogenesis.

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Microbiomes of the normal middle ear and ears with chronic otitis media

Abstract: 2b. Laryngoscope, 127:E371-E377, 2017.

Cited by 54 publications

References 25 publications

Reviewing the Pathogenic Potential of the Otitis-Associated Bacteria Alloiococcus otitidis and Turicella otitidis

Reviewing the Pathogenic Potential of the Otitis-Associated Bacteria Alloiococcus otitidis and Turicella otitidis

Identification of a dynamic middle ear microbiome in healthy adults

Respiratory viruses in the healthy middle ear and middle ear with otitis media with effusion

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