Microbiota Comparison of Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii) Intestine and Waters at Alkaline Water and Freshwater as the Living Environment

Abstract

The intestinal microbiota of marine animals was influenced by the water and environment in which they live. The Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii) adapts to extremely high alkalinity and is an ideal material for aquacultural studies of alkaline adaptation. In this study, we screened intestinal indicator flora and functional redundancy of intestinal colonies in alkaline-water species (AW) and freshwater species (FW) of Amur ide (L. waleckii) in these different aquatic environments. The available vs. community composition correlations were then predicted by contrasting each other with the flora contained in environmental water samples. Here, five microbial species and six genera were identified owing to the classifiable sequence. The intestinal microbiota that existed in AW and FW had approximately 1/3 of the operational taxonomic units in the respective living water environments, meaning gut microbes in the aqueous habitats will have an influential association with gut microbes in AW and FW. Compared to the bacterial composition of the FW intestine and that present in freshwater, Moraxella osloensis, Psychrobacter maritimus, and Psychrobacter faecalis were significantly enriched in the intestine of AW and alkaline water samples. In the FW intestine and freshwater samples, however, Cryptomonas curvata and Polynucleobacter asymbioticus were highly improved, which can be summarized as Enterobacter sp., the predominant population in the AW gut, while Aeromonas and Ralstonia being primarily present in FW intestines. Photosynthetic bacteria were most significant in both water samples. The results indicated that the intestinal microbiota composition, abundance, and diversity of AW and FW were quite different. In contrast, the microbial composition of the additional alkaline water and freshwater environments showed slight differences. This study expects to enhance our understanding of the alkalinity tolerance of L. waleckii, which will be provided for the breeding of fish living in alkaline water, and push the development of alkaline water resources with increased efficiency.

Deterministic processes dominate microbial community assembly in artificially bredSchizothorax wangchiachiijuveniles after being released into wild

“…2020; Luo et al. 2022). From day 0 to day 15, water microbes were dominant in the gut microbes of SW, while this shifted to sediment microbes from day 20 to day 30 (Fig.…”

“…The gut microbiome plays a vital role in helping fish to adapt to environmental variations (Dulski et al 2020;Luo et al 2022). We found significant changes of the gut microbe compositions in SW (e.g.…”

“…Environment plays a key role in shaping the composition and structure of fish gut microbes (Eichmiller et al 2016;Dulski et al 2020;Luo et al 2022). From day 0 to day 15, water microbes were dominant in the gut microbes of SW, while this shifted to sediment microbes from day 20 to day 30 (Fig.…”

“…The gut microbiome likely changes to help fish to adapt to habitat alterations (Dehler et al 2017;Loo et al 2019;Dulski et al 2020). For example, significant differences were found in the composition and structure of the gut microbiome of Amur ide's (Leuciscus waleckii) gut microbiome between a freshwater habitat (pH: 7.3-7.9) and a highly alkaline habitat (pH: 9.4-9.6) (Luo et al 2022). Amur ide guts were significantly enriched in bacteria of Moraxella osloensis, Psychrobacter maritimus, and Psychrobacter faecalis in the highly alkaline habitat, while Aeromonas and Ralstonia were the dominant bacteria in guts of individuals inhabiting in freshwater (Luo et al 2022).…”

“…For example, significant differences were found in the composition and structure of the gut microbiome of Amur ide's (Leuciscus waleckii) gut microbiome between a freshwater habitat (pH: 7.3-7.9) and a highly alkaline habitat (pH: 9.4-9.6) (Luo et al 2022). Amur ide guts were significantly enriched in bacteria of Moraxella osloensis, Psychrobacter maritimus, and Psychrobacter faecalis in the highly alkaline habitat, while Aeromonas and Ralstonia were the dominant bacteria in guts of individuals inhabiting in freshwater (Luo et al 2022). Similarly, the gut microbes of tench (Tinca tinca) were significantly different between ponds (artificial environment) and lakes (wild environment), which was attributed to variable food composition (pond: mixture of grain; lake: insect larvae and small crustaceans or small snails) (Dulski et al 2020).…”